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40
B. But all these aspects are studied by historians as well, aren’t they?
A. Certainly, but historians are concerned primarily with written records, and the
earliest systems of writing were only invented some five thousand years ago,
whereas man’s ape-like ancestors appeared on earth about half-a-million years ago.
The past does not vanish without a trace. The ruins of ancient buildings and of
graves remain. In them clothing, utensils, weapons and other things are found. To
learn how people lived long ago these things have to be dug up and studied.
B. What instruments do archaeologists need for their work?
A. Archaeology involves skilled and laborious work. So they use different
machines, then spades and picks. In places where machines and spades are found too
big, smaller tools like knives, pincers and brushes are used.
B. As far as I’ve understood the data of archaeological research is used to
reconstruct various social and economic periods of history for which no written
sources exist.
A. Good for you. Now you know what archaeology deals with.
B. Thanks a lot.
A. You’re welcome.
APPENDIX TWO
Additional Exercises.
Put the words below into the gaps.
Compulsory … education begins at the age of 5 in England. Children usually start
their school career in an infant school and move to a … school at the age 7. …
schools vary in size and location. The … school begins at the age of 11 or 12. In
Britain, most children of … … school age receive … education financed from …
.. . The years at secondary school may lead to … … … … … ( ) qualifications.
There were a million students in British … education in 2000-01. The Government
aims to have widened … into higher education.
All Britain’s universities enjoy complete … freedom. They … their own staff and
decide what and how to … .
At university people study for a … .First degree … last three or four years. The
first degree is either … or … . Master of Arts or Master of Science is ... degree.
40 B. But all these aspects are studied by historians as well, aren’t they? A. Certainly, but historians are concerned primarily with written records, and the earliest systems of writing were only invented some five thousand years ago, whereas man’s ape-like ancestors appeared on earth about half-a-million years ago. The past does not vanish without a trace. The ruins of ancient buildings and of graves remain. In them clothing, utensils, weapons and other things are found. To learn how people lived long ago these things have to be dug up and studied. B. What instruments do archaeologists need for their work? A. Archaeology involves skilled and laborious work. So they use different machines, then spades and picks. In places where machines and spades are found too big, smaller tools like knives, pincers and brushes are used. B. As far as I’ve understood the data of archaeological research is used to reconstruct various social and economic periods of history for which no written sources exist. A. Good for you. Now you know what archaeology deals with. B. Thanks a lot. A. You’re welcome. APPENDIX TWO Additional Exercises. Put the words below into the gaps. Compulsory … education begins at the age of 5 in England. Children usually start their school career in an infant school and move to a … school at the age 7. … schools vary in size and location. The … school begins at the age of 11 or 12. In Britain, most children of … … school age receive … education financed from … .. . The years at secondary school may lead to … … … … … ( ) qualifications. There were a million students in British … education in 2000-01. The Government aims to have widened … into higher education. All Britain’s universities enjoy complete … freedom. They … their own staff and decide what and how to … . At university people study for a … .First degree … last three or four years. The first degree is either … or … . Master of Arts or Master of Science is ... degree.
