Texts and exercises on information science. Мартынов О.В. - 19 стр.

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IV. Give English equivalents:
луч лазера, буквенно-цифровые данные, передовая технология,
химические соединения, наилучшие условия записи, намагниченный,
кристаллическое вещество.
V. Give Russian equivalents:
ideal data storage crystal, commercially applicable, by means of,
to record.
VI. Give summary of the above text.
TEXT 13.
Programming Languages
The only language computers can understand directly is called
machine code. It is known to consist of the 1s and 0s (binary code) that are
processed by the CPU. However, machine code as a means of
communication is very difficult to write. That is why it is necessary to use
symbolic languages that are easier to understand. Then, by using a special
programme, these languages can be translated into machine code.
Basic languages, in which the program is similar to the machine code
version, are known as low-level languages. In these languages, each
instruction is equivalent to a single machine code instruction, and the
programme is converted into machine code by a special programme called
an assembler. These languages are considered to be still quite complex and
restricted to particular computers.
To make the programme easier to write and to overcome the problem
of intercommunication between different types of machines, higher-level
languages were developed such as BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN, Pascal,
Ada, С and others. A higher-level language is a problem oriented
programming language, whereas a low-level language is machine oriented.
This means that a high-level language is a convenient and simple means of
describing the information structures and sequences of actions to be
performed for a particular task.
A high-level language is independent of the architecture of the
computer which supports it. This has two advantages. Firstly, the person
writing the program does not have to know anything about the computer
the programme will be run on. Secondly, programmes are portable, that is,
the same programme can (in theory) be run on different types of
computers. Programmes written in one of these languages should be
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converted by means of a compiler into a lower-level language or machine
code so that the CPU could understand it.
С, a high-level programming language, seems to be very popular today
because it is small, so it is not too hard to learn, it is very efficient and
portable so one can use it with all kinds of computers. A lot of software
engineers use С to write commercial applications programmes for mini,
micro and personal computers. There are also various versions of С - C++
and Objective C, which represent a new style of programming.
At present there is a tendency towards an even higher level of
programming languages, which might be called specification languages,
and an increasing use of software development tools.
People communicate instructions to the computer in symbolic
languages and the easier this communication can be made, the wider the
application of computers will be. Scientists are reported to be already
working on Artificial Intelligence and the next generation of computers
may be able to understand human languages.
ASSIGNMENT TO TEXT 13.
I. Read and translate the text.
II. Answer the following questions:
1. How is the language that computers understand called? 2. Why is it
necessary to use symbolic languages? 3. What is a low-level language? 4.
Why aren’t they suitable for all computers? 5. How is the programme that
converts instructions into machine code called? 6. What are high-level
languages called? 7. What is the difference between a low-level and a
high-level language? 8. What are the advantages of a high-level language?
9. What is a high-level language converted into machine code with? 10.
Why is C, a high-level programming language, most popular nowadays? 11.
What is the tendency today? 12. What are scientists working at at present?
III. Make all types of questions to the following sentence:
there are also various versions of С - C
++
and Objective C, which
represent a new style of programming.
IV. Give English equivalents:
искусственный Интеллект, компилирующая программа,
машинонезависимый, язык высокого уровня, aссемблер, язык низкого
уровня, средства коммуникации.

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