Английский язык. Мехеда О.Б. - 13 стр.

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UNIT 4
1.
Read the text and try to understand it:
Thomas Hobbes
Thomas Hobbes, more than any of his predecessors, was sure that there was
a fundamental equality among all men. He says that equality takes the place of
inequality in power and privilege. Hobbes sees all men as equally interested in
acquiring power and privilege. Their striving for power and privilege must surely
lead to a chaotic condition, unless there are rules which they agree to observe.
These rules constitute a "social contract" according to which the people turn over
their right to rule то one man who embodies their collective desires and will. In
turn, the sovereign is restricted in his role by laws based on the Natural Law and,
of course, on the consent of the governed. If a minority refuse to have such a
contract with the sovereign, they are nevertheless, according to Hobbes, bound
by the will of the majority.
In this ideal society, no privileged classes are allowed since they will corrupt
the equality of rule provided by the sovereign. And the sovereign may be
removed if he is unable to govern so as to protect equally the safety of all men.
Later social philosophers – Locke, Burke, and Bentham among the English,
Rousseau among the French, and Hegel among the Germans – realized that the
emergence of social strata or classes, based either on inherited differences, or on
acquired differences, or on both, may present urgent problems. Each philosopher
has his own idea of a better structure of government which deals more effectively
with such difficulties.
By the turn of the 19th century, popular revolutions had begun. The old
order of the aristocratic rule was being ruined everywhere in Europe. The New
American Republic was demonstrating an unexpected capacity for growth and
development. Theories about the natural rights of sovereigns were everywhere
competing with theories about the natural rights of all men to an equal share of
goods. The industrialization of society in Western Europe was, moreover,
developing rapidly. With it there emerged the kinds of social classes, based on
wealth and power, which resemble those of today.
Notes to the text:
Striving for power and privilege – стремление к власти и привилегиям
rules which they agree to observe – правила, которые они согласны
соблюдать
in turn – в свою очередь
bound by the will of the majority – связаны волей большинства.
2. Transcribe the following words. Practise their pronunciation.
Thomas Hobbes predecessor emerge
Locke privilege inherited
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