Краткий курс лекций по лексикологии английского языка для студентов неязыковых вузов. Москалёва Е.В. - 12 стр.

            he has a car, he failed, he was arrested, he is kind. In each of
            the cases different meaning is revealed: possession, action,
            passive action, quality.The rules of transformation are rather strict
            and shouldn’t be identified with paraphrasing in the usual sense
            of the term. There are many restrictions both on syntactic and
            lexical levels. These are:
                   1) Permutation – the repatterning on condition that the
            basic subordinative relationships between words and word-stems
            of the lexical units are not changed.
                    e. g. “His work is excellent “ may be transformed into
            “his excellent work, the excellence of his work, he works
            excellently“. In the example given the relationships between
            lexical units and the stems of the notional words are essentially
            the same.
                   2) Replacement – the substitution of a component of
            the distributional structure by a member of a certain strictly
            defined set of lexical units
                   e. g. Replacement of a notional verb by an auxiliary or link
            verb (he will make a bad mistake and he will make a good
            teacher). The sentences have identical distributional structure
            but only in the second one the verb “to make “ can be
            substituted by “become“ or “be“. The fact of impossibility of
            identical transformations of distributionally identical structures
            is a formal proof of the difference in their meaning.
                   3) Addition (or expansion) may be illustrated by the
            application of the procedure of addition to the classification of
            adjectives into two groups- adjectives denoting inherent and
            non-inherent qualities.
                   e. g. John is happy.
                         John is tall.
                   We add a word-group “in Moscow“. We shall see that
            “John is happy in Moscow” has meaning while the second one
            is senseless. That is accounted by the difference in the meaning
            of adjectives denoting inherent (tall) and non-inherent (happy)
            qualities.



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