Краткий курс лекций по лексикологии английского языка для студентов неязыковых вузов. Москалёва Е.В. - 13 стр.

                  4) Deletion – a procedure which shows whether one of the
            words semantically subordinated to the other.
                  e. g. The word-group “red flowers” may be deleted and
            transformed into “flowers” without making the sentence
            senseless: I like red flowers or I like flowers. The other word-
            group“red tape” means “bureaucracy” and it can’t be divided into
            two parts.

                                    Componental analysis.
                   In this analysis linguists proceed from the assumption
            that the smallest units of meaning are sememes or semes.
                   e. g. In the lexical item “woman” several sememes may be
            singled out, such as human, not an animal, female, adult. The
            analysis of the word “girl” will show the following sememes:
            human, female, young. The last component of the two words
            differentiates them and makes impossible to mix up the words in
            the process of communication. It is classical form of revealing
            the work of componental analysis to apply them to the so
            called closed systems of vocabulary, for example, colour terms.
            The analysis as a rule was formalized only as far as the
            symbolic representation of meaning components it is concerned
            with. Each sememe in the terms of colours acquires or is given a
            certain letter (A, B, C, D…) and the meaning of the terms may be
            given in a formalized form.
                   e. g. Red and scarlet will differ only in one component and
            that is intensity of colour and by the letter it may be illustrated as
            A B C Under the letter C the intensity is meant. The formalized
            representation of meaning helps to find out different semantic
            components which influence collocability of words (during the
            day but not during the stairs, down the stairs but not down
            the day). Componental analysis is practically always combined
            with transformational procedures or statistical analysis. The
            combination makes it possible to find out which of the meanings
            should be represented first of all in the dictionaries of different
            types and how the words should be combined in order to make
            your speech sensible.

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