Краткий курс лекций по лексикологии английского языка для студентов неязыковых вузов. Москалёва Е.В. - 62 стр.

            china jars and parrot-tulips were ranged on the mantelshelf, and
            through the small leaded panes of the window streamed the
            apricot coloured light of a summer day in London (WILDE).
                  Te expressive counterpart of meaning is optional, and even
            when it is present, its proportion with respect to the logical
            counterpart may vary within wide limits. The meaning of many
            words is subject to complex associations originating in habitual
            contexts, verbal or situational, of which the speaker and the
            listener are aware, and which from the connotational component
            of meaning. In some words the realization of meaning is
            accompanied by additional stylistic characteristics revealing the
            speaker’s attitude to the situation, the subject-matter, and to his
            interlocutor.
                  Within the affective connotations of a word we distinguish
            its capacity to evoke or directly express: a) emotion e.g. daddy as
            compared to father; b) evaluation, e.g. clique as compared to
            group; c) intensity, e.g. adore as compared to love; d) stylistic
            colouring, e.g. slay as compared to kill.
                  The complexity of the word meaning is manifold. Apart
            from the lexical meaning including denotative and connotative
            meaning it is always combined with the grammatical meaning.
                  It is useful to remember that the grammatical meaning is
            defined as an expression in speech of relationship between words
            based on contrastive features of arrangements in which they
            occur.
                  More than that, every denotational meaning is itself a
            combination of several more elementary components. The
            meaning of kill, for instance, can be described as follows: {cause
            [become(not + alive)]}. One further point should made: cause,
            become, not and alive in this analysis are not words of English or
            any other language; they are elements of meaning, which can be
            combined in various ways with other such elements in the
            meaning of different words. In what follows they will be called
            semantic components. To illustrate this idea of componential
            analysis we shall consider the word adored in the following
            epigram by Oscar Wilde: “Men can be analysed, women – merely

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