Краткий курс лекций по лексикологии английского языка для студентов неязыковых вузов. Москалёва Е.В. - 65 стр.

            variant about humans and say We humans run on foot. It is
            possible to use the active-passive transformation when the
            meaning implies “management”: The Co-op runs this self-service
            shop but not I was run by home. There are other variants of run
            where there is no implication of speed or “on foot”, or motion but
            the implication of direction is retained: On the other side of the
            stream the bank ran up steeply. The bank ran without the
            indication of direction is meaningless. The verb run has also
            several other variants, they all have something in common with
            some others. Thus, though there is no single semantic component
            common to all variants, every variant has something in common
            with at least one of the others.
                  It is only recently that linguists have made serious attempt to
            give a systematic, account of grammar and semantics, semantics
            and context. Every meaning in language and every difference in
            meaning is signaled either by the form of the word itself or by
            context. Cf. ship :: sheep, brothers :: brethren, smoke
            screen :: screen star.
                  In analyzing the polysemy of a word we have to take into
            consideration that the meaning is the content of a two-facet
            linguistic sign existing in unity with sound form of the sign and
            its distribution, i.e. its syntagmatic relations depending on the
            position in the spoken chain.
                  We have therefore to search the cases of unity for both
            facets of the linguistic sign – its form and its content. This unity is
            present in the so-called lexico-grammatical variants of words.
                  No universally accepted criteria for differentiating these
            variants within one polysemantic word can so far be offered,
            although the problem has lately attracted a great deal of attention.
            The main points can be summed up as follows: lexico-
            grammatical variants of a word are its variants characterized by
            paradigmatic or morphological peculiarities, different valency,
            different syntactic functions, very often they belong to different
            lexico-grammatical groups of the same part of speech thus run is
            intransitive in I run home, but transitive in I run this office.



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