Краткий курс лекций по лексикологии английского языка для студентов неязыковых вузов. Москалёва Е.В. - 66 стр.

                   All the lexical and lexico=grammatical variants of a word
            taken together form its semantic structure. Thus, in the semantic
            structure of the word youth three lexico-grammatical variants may
            be distinguished: the first is an abstract uncountable noun, as in
            the friends of one’s youth, the second is a countable personal noun
            ‘a young man’ (plural youths) that can be substituted be the
            pronoun he in the singular and they in the plural; the third is a
            collective noun ‘young man or woman” having only one form,
            that of the singular, substituted by the pronoun they. Within the
            first lexico-grammatical variant two shades of meaning can be
            distinguished with two different referents, one denoting the state
            of being young, and the other the time of being young. These
            shades of meaning are recognized due to lexical peculiarities of
            distribution and sometimes are blended together as in to feel that
            one’s youth has gone, where both the time and the state can be
            meant. These variants form a structured set because they are
            expressed by the same sound complex and are interrelated in
            meaning as they all contain the semantic component ‘young’ and
            can be explained by means of one another.
                   The difference in syntactic context is best seen in verbs.
            Among the many variants of the verb carry one can distinguish a
            lexico-grammatical variant with the meaning ‘to support the
            weight of a thing, and to move it from one place to another”. In
            this variant there is always an object after the verb which may be
            followed by an adverbial or a prepositional object, as in the
            following formulas: N1 + carry + N2 (Railways and ships carry
            goods) or N1 + carry +N2 + prep + N3 (She was carrying the
            baby in her arms).
                   In both cases carry is a transitive verb. There is also an
            intransitive variant in which carry is followed by a predicative or
            a adverbial of distance, time, etc. and means ‘to have power to
            reach’: N1 + carry + prep + N2 (His voice carried across the
            room).
                   Nonce usage takes place in cases of occasional figurative
            meanings. Nonce usage is also sometimes called application and
            defined as the extensional meaning of a word or term. The

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