Краткий курс лекций по лексикологии английского языка для студентов неязыковых вузов. Москалёва Е.В. - 67 стр.

            following example serves to illustrate nonce usage as application:
            Tom possessed a formidable capacity for psychological bustling.
            In an easy agreeable way he bustled other people into doing
            things they don’t want to do. (W. COOPER) Here the word
            bustle does not show any of its dictionary meaning. This is nonce
            usage which is clearly motivated and readily understood.
                  To sum up this discussion the semantic structure of a word
            we return to its definition as a structured set of interrelated lexical
            variants with different meanings. These variants belong to the
            same set because they are expressed by the same combination of
            morphemes, although on different conditions or distribution. The
            elements are interrelated due to some common semantic
            component. In other words, the word’s semantic structure is an
            organized whole comprised by recurrent meanings and shades of
            meaning a particular sound complex can assume in different
            contexts, together with emotional or stylistic colouring and other
            connotations, if any.
                  Polysemy and semantic structure exist only in language, not
            in speech. The sum total of many contexts in which the word may
            occur permits us to observe and record cases of identical meaning
            and cases that differ in meaning. They are registered and
            classified by lexicographers and found in dictionaries. For
            example, we read that bother has two variants as: 1) ‘to worry or
            to cause trouble’ and 2) to take the trouble.
                  It is very important to distinguish between the lexical
            meaning of a word in speech and its semantic structure in
            language. The meaning in speech is contextual. If one examines,
            for example, the word bother in the following: Any woman will
            love any man who bothers her enough (H. PHILIPPS) one sees it
            in a definite context that that particularizes it and makes possible
            only one meaning: ‘to cause trouble’. This notion receives the
            emotional colouring of irony revealing the protagonist’s view of
            love as cynical and pessimistic. This colouring in the word bother
            is combined with a colloquial stylistic tone. Actually used it has
            only on meaning, it is monosemantic but it may render a
            complicated notion or emotion with many features.

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