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PEREDVIZHNIKS
(«THE ITINERANTS», A XIX-CENTURY RUSSIAN PAINTING SCHOOL OF REALIST PAINTERS)
Up to 70-th years XIX century all the paintings exhibitions were the duties of the Imperial Academy of Arts. The painters were in the habit to
paint pictures on the Bible and ancient myths, which were beautiful but far from the real life. By that time there have already been painters in Russia
who did their best to depict the real life: G.G. Myasoedov, V.G. Perov, A.N. Savrasov, I.N. Kramskoy. They got out of the Academy subordination
and organized their own movable Art exhibitions Associatioin. They called themselves Peredvizhniks. Every member of the Association brought in a
part of his money for their common needs after he had sold his work of art. Thanks to that sum of money they could organize exhibitions moving
from town to town – the result of that was the fact that the works of the art Peredvizhniks have become accessed not only for the Moscovites.
The first Peredvizhniks exhibition took place in 1871. It demonstrated paintings which are familiar now even to the people far from the art:
«Rooks have come» by Savrasov, «Hunters at halt» by Perov, «May night» by Kramskoy and so on. I.E. Repin, V.I. Surikov, V.D. Polenov, V.M.
Vasnetsov, V.A. Serov, I.I. Levitan were also Peredvizhniks.
The Peredvizhniks association has been exhisting up to 1925. Within this time 48 exhibitions have been set up in various towns of Russia.
ALEXANDER SERGEEVICH PUSHKIN
(1799 – 1837)
Pushkin is called «The Sun of Russian Poetry».
Hundreds of books have been written about him, but the secret of his unique nature has not still been opened.
Pushkin was born in an old noble family, in the village of Mykhailovskoe. He was Ibraguim Gannibal’s offspring, who was a prominent mili-
tary leader and General. According to the way of life of that time little Alexander was taught by French governers. He got a good education at home.
But with especial respect he remembered his nurse Arina Rodionovna, who had been together with him since his birth. She knew a number of say-
ings and proverbs. She opened a mysterious world of a Russian fairy tale for him and was his real friend.
Pushkin spent his early childhood in his granny’s estate not far from Moscow. The Pushkins came back to Zakharovo in early spring before the
time of flooded roads an returned to Moscow in late autumn.
In 1811 Pushkin entered the most prestigious in that time Lyceum Tsarskoe Selo, it was attached to the palace of Alexander I. Pushkin began to
write verses early. At the lyceum he had already written about 100 verses and a wonderful poem «Ruslan and Lyudmila».
On January, 8 in 1815 Alexander Pushkin was reciting his own verse «Memories in Tsarskoe Selo» during the exam, where the greatest Rus-
sian poet G.R. Derzhavin was present. Having heard the verses, Derzhavin was staggered by what he heard. He said that the pupil had surpassed his
teacher in talent.
After graduating from the lyceum Pushkin lived and worked in the Foreign office in Petersburg. Pushkin’s life was eventful. Pushkin was ex-
iled several times for his freedom verse by the Tsar. There he continued to write wonderful verses and poems, novels and stories, fairy-tales and
tragedies.
In 1828 Pushkin met young Nataly Goncharova, the first Moscow beauty at the ball. On February, 18 in 1831 Pushkin and Nataly Goncharova
were married in church at Nikitstky Gates in Moscow. They had four children: two daughters – Masha and Natasha and two sons – Sasha and Grisha.
Pushkin perished in 1831. The duel took place on January, 27 on the Black River. A young French officer Baron Georges d’Antes wounded the
poet fatally and on February, 10 Pushkin died. All those days crowds of people were standing near Pushkin’s flat. They hoped for the favourable
outcome. Pushkin was buried in the village of Mikhailovskoe in Svyatogorsky cloister.
MIKHAIL YURIEVICH LERMONTOV
(1814 – 1841)
«Death of the Poet» – poem, devoted to the death of Pushkin A.S. made the name of the author famous. It happened in 1837. In 1841 just 4
years later Lermontov himself was killed during the duel, having published the novel «Hero of our Time» and poems collection. The main part of his
works appeared already after the death of the author.
When Misha was about 3, his mother died and his father (he was an officer) gave little attention to his son. His grandmother Yelizaveta Alex-
eyevna Arsenyeva cared about him. Lermontov has got a very good upbringing, he knew English and French very well, played the violin, the piano
and the flute, sang and composed music for his own poems, read much and at leisure galloped the horse. He knew by heart a lot of verses of Russian
and foreign poets. He liked Pushkin and Byron in particular.
Up to 13 he lived in her Tarkhany estate not far from Penza, later his grandmother brought his grandson to Moscow where he continued his
education at the oral department of the Moscow University. But Lermontov had to leave it. He had the impudence to be rude towards authorities and
did not want to beg his pardon. At the end his grandmother arranged him at the military school. So he continued the tradition of his generation.
First he published his verses without his signature. For the first time his name appeared after his drama «Fancy-ball» in 1835, but the censor-
ship did not allow its presentation. When the poem «Death of the Poet» appeared he was spoken much about and at once his great talent was admit-
ted. Lermontov did not consider the death of Pushkin to be accidental and accused the high society in it. The ruling authority made up its mind to
deport Lermontov to Siberia.
Thanks to his grandmother’s trouble Lermontov managed to avoid an exile but he was sent to the Caucasus where the war against mountain-
eers was taking place. There he spent the whole year long and brought plenty of rhymes, drawings from there. His poems «Mtsiry», and «Demon»
for the first time introduced Eastern exotics.
When his novel «Hero of our Time» was out he was sentenced to a new exile in the Caucasus. On his way Lermontov wrote one of his most
wonderful poems – «Motherland», which begins with the following words: «I love my Motherland, but strange my love is!...»
Lermontov has been to the Caucasus more than a year. In struggles he showed courage, made friends with many officers but yet he left very
lonely: «It’s boring and sad, and there is nobody to give my hand to at the moment of sole misfortune…»
In 1841 Lermontov came to Petersburg, but soon again he went to the South. He had no idea that it was his last outing.
On June, 27 in 1841 Lermontov was killed during the duel with lietenant Martynov not far from Mashuk mountain in Pyatigorsk. The contem-
porary people understood that the duel was a subtly arranged murder. According to his grandmother’s wish, the body of the poet was brought to
Tarkhany and buried in the burial of the local church next to the grave of his mother.
LEO TOLSTOY
(1828 – 1910)
Tolstoy L.N. was an offspring of two old Russian kins – according to his mother – the princes of the Volkhonskys, according to his father – the
counts of the Tolstoys.
The writer’s childhood passed in the family estate Yasnaya Polyana, and since 1844 Tolstoy had been studying at the University in Kazan, but
he had not finished the course, because of his wish to go on for selfeducation.
After returning to Yasnaya Polyana, Tolstoy decided to devote himself to literary activity and began to write his triology «Childhood», «Ado-
lescence», «Youth».
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