Химическая кинетика. Наумов А.В. - 15 стр.

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Ɋɢɫ. 6 Ɋɢɫ. 7
ɉɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ (ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɜɨɥɧɵ) ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɡɚ-
ɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ C. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ Ȼɟɪɚ (A. Beer, 1852) ɷɬɚ ɡɚ-
ɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ:
D(O) = H(O)C. (II.3)
ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ H ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɷɤɫɬɢɧɤɰɢɢ
*)
. Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɦ ɜɧɢɦɚ-
ɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɟ T ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ Ȼɭɝɟɪɚ – Ʌɚɦɛɟɪɬɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɤɨɧ-
ɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɷɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ: T = e
–HCx
. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɞɥɹ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɟɟɦ:
D = HCxlg e. (II.4)
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ K
2
CrO
4
. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 7
ɫɩɟɤɬɪɵ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɞɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ D(O)
(ɩɨɥɨɫɟ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦ). ɂɡ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɢɧ-
ɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɨɥɨɫ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ. ȿɫɥɢ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ, ɬɨ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɚɹ ɤ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɨɫɚ
376 ɧɦ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɢɧɸɸ ɢ ɡɟɥɟɧɭɸ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ O > 550 ɧɦ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɟɧ (D
0). ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɧɚ-
ɲɟɝɨ ɝɥɚɡɚ ɠɟɥɬɭɸ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɭ: ɦɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ ɤɪɚɣ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɵ ɩɨ-
ɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ.
*)
Ɉɬ ɥɚɬ. exstinctio – ɩɨɬɭɯɚɧɢɟ.
29
ȿɫɥɢ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɤɚɠɞɨɟ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ-
ɫɹ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɨɦ H
i
(O), ɬɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ Ȼɟɪɚ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɹ
() ()
ii
i
CDO H O
6
.
Ɂɞɟɫɶ C
i
– ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ i-ɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɫɭɦɦɚ ɛɟɪɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ.
ɂɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɵ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ
ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ, ɢ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ ɫɦɟɫɢ.
2. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ
Ɂɚɤɨɧ Ȼɟɪɚ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ (II.4) ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɟɬɨɩɨ-
ɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ. ɗɬɚ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ
ɤɨɥɨɪɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ
*
)
.
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɦ ɫɟɛɟ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɦ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ
ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ x. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɬɢɧɤɰɢɢ H ɧɚ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜ-
ɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɭɸ. Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɹ E = Hx lg e (lg e | 0,434), ɩɨɥɭ-
ɱɢɦ:
D = EC. (II.5)
Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɭ (II.5) ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ. ɉɪɟ-
ɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɭ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ. ȿɫɥɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ
ɫ ɠɢɞɤɢɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɠɢɞɤɢɦɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɦɢ, ɬɨ ɢɯ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɵɟ ɤɸɜɟɬɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟ-
ɠɞɭ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɦɢ. Ƚɨɬɨɜɹɬ ɪɹɞ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟ-
ɦɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ (C
1
, C
2
, …, C
N
) ɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɸɬ ɢɯ
ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ (D
1
, D
2
, …, D
N
). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɫɬɪɨɹɬ ɝɪɚɞɭɢɪɨɜɨɱ-
ɧɭɸ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ D(C) ɢɥɢ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹɦɢ
ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ
2
11
NN
nn n
nn
CD C
E
66
.
ɍɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɢɟ E ɩɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɦ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ-
ɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ, ɢɦɟɹ ɝɪɚɞɭɢɪɨɜɤɭ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɪɚɫ-
ɬɜɨɪɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɫɬɨɢɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ:
CD E.
əɫɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɜɨɥɧɵ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɞɥɢɧɭ ɜɨɥɧɵ, ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɭɸ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɭ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɢ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɵ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɩɨ-
ɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ.
*)
Ɉɬ ɥɚɬ. color – ɰɜɟɬ, ɨɤɪɚɫɤɚ. ɇɟ ɩɭɬɚɬɶ ɫ ɤɚɥɨɪɢɦɟɬɪɢɟɣ (ɥɚɬ. calor – ɬɟɩɥɨ, ɠɚɪ).
30
                                                                                ȿɫɥɢ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɤɚɠɞɨɟ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ-
                                                                            ɫɹ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɨɦ Hi(O), ɬɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ Ȼɟɪɚ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɹ
                                                                                                           D (O )           6
                                                                                                                     Hi (O )Ci .
                                                                                                                                i
                                                                            Ɂɞɟɫɶ Ci – ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ i-ɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɫɭɦɦɚ ɛɟɪɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ.
                                                                            ɂɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɵ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ
                                                                            ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ, ɢ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ ɫɦɟɫɢ.

                                                                                                       2. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ
                                                                               Ɂɚɤɨɧ Ȼɟɪɚ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ (II.4) ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɟɬɨɩɨ-
                                                                            ɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ. ɗɬɚ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ
                                                                            ɤɨɥɨɪɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ) .
                                                                                                        *


                                                                               ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɦ ɫɟɛɟ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɦ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ
                                                                            ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ x. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɬɢɧɤɰɢɢ H ɧɚ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜ-
                                                                            ɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɭɸ. Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɹ E = Hx lg e (lg e | 0,434), ɩɨɥɭ-
                                                                            ɱɢɦ:
                     Ɋɢɫ. 6                        Ɋɢɫ. 7                                                     D = EC.                              (II.5)
   ɉɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ (ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɜɨɥɧɵ) ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɡɚ-           Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɭ (II.5) ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ. ɉɪɟ-
ɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ C. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ Ȼɟɪɚ (A. Beer, 1852) ɷɬɚ ɡɚ-    ɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɭ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ. ȿɫɥɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ
ɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ:                                     ɫ ɠɢɞɤɢɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɠɢɞɤɢɦɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɦɢ, ɬɨ ɢɯ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ
                                D(O) = H(O)C.                      (II.3)   ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɵɟ ɤɸɜɟɬɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟ-
ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ H ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɷɤɫɬɢɧɤɰɢɢ *) . Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɦ ɜɧɢɦɚ-        ɠɞɭ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɦɢ. Ƚɨɬɨɜɹɬ ɪɹɞ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟ-
ɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɟ T ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ Ȼɭɝɟɪɚ – Ʌɚɦɛɟɪɬɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɤɨɧ-    ɦɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ (C1, C2, …, CN) ɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɸɬ ɢɯ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɷɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ: T = e–HCx. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɞɥɹ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ        ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ (D1, D2, …, DN). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɫɬɪɨɹɬ ɝɪɚɞɭɢɪɨɜɨɱ-
ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɟɟɦ:                                                            ɧɭɸ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ D(C) ɢɥɢ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹɦɢ
                                D = HCx˜lg e.                      (II.4)   ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ
   Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ K2CrO4. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 7                                                 N                 N
                                                                                                                                              2
ɫɩɟɤɬɪɵ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɞɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ D(O)                                              E    6C D 6C
                                                                                                                     n 1
                                                                                                                            n       n
                                                                                                                                        n 1
                                                                                                                                              n   .
(ɩɨɥɨɫɟ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦ). ɂɡ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɢɧ-
ɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɨɥɨɫ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ. ȿɫɥɢ           ɍɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɢɟ E ɩɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɦ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ-
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ, ɬɨ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɚɹ ɤ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɨɫɚ       ɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ, ɢɦɟɹ ɝɪɚɞɭɢɪɨɜɤɭ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɪɚɫ-
376 ɧɦ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɢɧɸɸ ɢ ɡɟɥɟɧɭɸ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ O > 550 ɧɦ        ɬɜɨɪɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɫɬɨɢɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ:
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɟɧ (D 0). ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɧɚ-                                       C D E.
ɲɟɝɨ ɝɥɚɡɚ ɠɟɥɬɭɸ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɭ: ɦɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ ɤɪɚɣ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɵ ɩɨ-           əɫɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɜɨɥɧɵ.
ɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ.                                                                   Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɞɥɢɧɭ ɜɨɥɧɵ, ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɭɸ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɭ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
                                                                            ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɢ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɵ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɩɨ-
                                                                            ɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ.


   *)                                                                          *)
        Ɉɬ ɥɚɬ. exstinctio – ɩɨɬɭɯɚɧɢɟ.                                             Ɉɬ ɥɚɬ. color – ɰɜɟɬ, ɨɤɪɚɫɤɚ. ɇɟ ɩɭɬɚɬɶ ɫ ɤɚɥɨɪɢɦɟɬɪɢɟɣ (ɥɚɬ. calor – ɬɟɩɥɨ, ɠɚɪ).

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