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ɉɪɟɞɢɫɥɨɜɢɟ
ɉɪɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɤ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹɦ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ
ɢɦɟɬɶ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɥɨ ɛɵ ɜ ɫɠɚɬɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ
ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɵ ɩɨ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɟ ɝɨɦɨ-
ɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭɦɚ.
Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨ ɮɨɪ-
ɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɟ ɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɥɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɫɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɹɞɚ
ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɧɚ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɚɯ. ɋɸɞɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤɢɧɟɬɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ, ɹɜɧɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨɣ ɢ ɩɨ-
ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ. ɏɨɬɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ
ɢɡɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɦɟ «ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ», ɦɵ ɫɨɱɥɢ ɧɭɠɧɵɦ ɪɚɫ-
ɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ, ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹ
ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ. ȼ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɢ ɞɚɧɵ
ɥɢɲɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ-
ɛɵ ɩɨɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ. Ɇɵ ɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟ-
ɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ɇɚɤɫɜɟɥɥɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɩɨ-
ɧɹɬɢɟ ɨɛ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɟ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɨɬ-
ɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨ ɨɛɫɭɠ-
ɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ, ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɹɸɳɚɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ.
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧ ɧɚ ɫɥɭɲɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɡɧɚɤɨɦɵɯ ɫ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɚɦɢ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɯ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ.
ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɢ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɢ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɨɮɨɬɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɫɚ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬɚ, ɨɤɚ-
ɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨ-
ɞɚ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɪɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɧɟ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɤɭɪɫ ɯɢɦɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɧɚ-
ɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ
ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɚɯ.
4
I. ɗɅȿɆȿɇɌɕ ȽɈɆɈȽȿɇɇɈɃ ɄɂɇȿɌɂɄɂ
ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɚ – ɨɬɞɟɥ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɯɢɦɢɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɢɡɭɱɚɸɬɫɹ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɞɜɟ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ: ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɭ ɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɨ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɯ. Ɂɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟ-
ɦɟɧɧɵѱѳɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
*)
.
ɉɨɞ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɢɯ
ɫɬɚɞɢɣ (ɚɤɬɨɜ), ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤ-
ɬɵ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɯɟɦ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɢɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ. ɋɸɞɚ ɠɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ (ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɪ.)
ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ. Ʉɪɭɩɧɵɦɢ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɚ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɟ.
1. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɢ
ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɦɚɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɨɟ ɤɚɤ
ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. ɋ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɞɧɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɸɬ, ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ.
ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ – ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵ-
ɜɚɟɦɵɦ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦ (ɨɬ ɝɪɟɱ. ıIJȠȚȤİȚҔȠȞ – ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ, ɧɚɱɚɥɨ
ɢ ȝİIJȡȑȦ – ɢɡɦɟɪɹɸ).
ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ ɥɟɠɚɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɜɚ ɮɚɤɬɚ,
ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɧɨɝɨ-
ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ.
1. Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ (Ɇ. ȼ. Ʌɨɦɨɧɨɫɨɜ, 1756,
Ⱥ. Ʌ. Ʌɚɜɭɚɡɶɟ (A. L. Lavoisier), 1774).
ɉɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɡɚɤɨɧ – ɡɚɤɨɧ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɫɵ – ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜ ɞɥɹ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɧɟ ɨɛɦɟɧɢɜɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɫ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦɢ ɬɟɥɚɦɢ. Ɍɚɤɭɸ ɫɢɫ-
ɬɟɦɭ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɣ; ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɡɚ
ɫɱɟɬ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɬɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. ȼ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ – ɯɢ-
ɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ.
Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɱɚɫ-
ɬɢɰ
(ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ, ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ, ɢɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɢ ɚɫ-
ɫɨɰɢɚɬɨɜ) ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɨ. ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɢɡ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ (ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ),
ɢɡ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɝɨ – ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ (ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ), ɱɢɫɥɨ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢ
ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ (ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ).
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Ɍɟɪɦɢɧ «ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɚ» ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬ ɝɪɟɱ. țȓȞȘıȚȢ – ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ.
ɉɪɟɞɢɫɥɨɜɢɟ I. ɗɅȿɆȿɇɌɕ ȽɈɆɈȽȿɇɇɈɃ ɄɂɇȿɌɂɄɂ
ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɚ – ɨɬɞɟɥ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɯɢɦɢɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɢɡɭɱɚɸɬɫɹ
ɉɪɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɤ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹɦ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɫ ɤ ɨ ɪ ɨ ɫ ɬ ɶ ɢ ɦ ɟ ɯ ɚ ɧ ɢ ɡ ɦ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɞɜɟ
ɢɦɟɬɶ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɥɨ ɛɵ ɜ ɫɠɚɬɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢ- ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ: ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɭ ɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɨ
ɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɯ. Ɂɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟ-
ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɵ ɩɨ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɟ ɝɨɦɨ- ɦɟɧɧɵѱѳɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ *).
ɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭɦɚ. ɉɨɞ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɢɯ
Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨ ɮɨɪ- ɫɬɚɞɢɣ (ɚɤɬɨɜ), ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤ-
ɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɟ ɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɥɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɫɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɹɞɚ ɬɵ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ
ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɧɚ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɚɯ. ɋɸɞɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤɢɧɟɬɢ- ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɯɟɦ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɢɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ. ɋɸɞɚ ɠɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ
ɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ, ɹɜɧɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨɣ ɢ ɩɨ- ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ (ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɪ.)
ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ. ɏɨɬɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ. Ʉɪɭɩɧɵɦɢ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɢɡɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɦɟ «ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ», ɦɵ ɫɨɱɥɢ ɧɭɠɧɵɦ ɪɚɫ- ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɚ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɟ.
ɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ, ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹ
ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ. ȼ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɢ ɞɚɧɵ
1. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɢ
ɥɢɲɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ-
ɛɵ ɩɨɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ. Ɇɵ ɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟ- ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɦɚɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɨɟ ɤɚɤ
ɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ɇɚɤɫɜɟɥɥɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɩɨ- ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. ɋ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
ɧɹɬɢɟ ɨɛ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɟ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɨɬ- ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɞɧɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɸɬ, ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ.
ɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨ ɨɛɫɭɠ- ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ – ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵ-
ɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ, ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɹɸɳɚɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜɚɟɦɵɦ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦ (ɨɬ ɝɪɟɱ. ıIJȠȚȤİȚҔȠȞ – ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ, ɧɚɱɚɥɨ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ. ɢ ȝİIJȡȑȦ – ɢɡɦɟɪɹɸ).
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧ ɧɚ ɫɥɭɲɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɡɧɚɤɨɦɵɯ ɫ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɚɦɢ ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ ɥɟɠɚɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɜɚ ɮɚɤɬɚ,
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɯ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ. ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɧɨɝɨ-
ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɢ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɢ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ.
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɨɮɨɬɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ 1. Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɫɚ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬɚ, ɨɤɚ- ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ (Ɇ. ȼ. Ʌɨɦɨɧɨɫɨɜ, 1756,
ɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨ- Ⱥ. Ʌ. Ʌɚɜɭɚɡɶɟ (A. L. Lavoisier), 1774).
ɞɚ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɪɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɧɟ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɤɭɪɫ ɯɢɦɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɧɚ- ɉɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɡɚɤɨɧ – ɡɚɤɨɧ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɫɵ – ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜ ɞɥɹ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɧɟ ɨɛɦɟɧɢɜɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɫ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦɢ ɬɟɥɚɦɢ. Ɍɚɤɭɸ ɫɢɫ-
ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɚɯ. ɬɟɦɭ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɣ; ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɡɚ
ɫɱɟɬ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɬɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. ȼ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ – ɯɢ-
ɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ.
Ɇ ɚ ɫ ɫ ɚ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɱ ɢ ɫ ɥ ɨ ɱ ɚ ɫ -
ɬ ɢ ɰ (ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ, ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ, ɢɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɢ ɚɫ-
ɫɨɰɢɚɬɨɜ) ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɨ. ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɢɡ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ (ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ),
ɢɡ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɝɨ – ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ (ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ), ɱɢɫɥɨ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢ
ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ (ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ).
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Ɍɟɪɦɢɧ «ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɚ» ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬ ɝɪɟɱ. țȓȞȘıȚȢ – ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ.
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