Технологические процессы в машиностроении. Никитенко В.М - 70 стр.

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139
ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɧɨɫ ɬɪɭɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ
ɞɟɬɚɥɢ.
Ʉ ɫɥɟɫɚɪɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫɧɹɬɢɟɦ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɢ ɜɪɭɱɧɭɸ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ: ɪɭɛɤɚ,
ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɠɨɜɤɨɣ, ɨɩɢɥɢɜɚɧɢɟ, ɫɜɟɪɥɟɧɢɟ, ɡɟɧɤɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɡɟɧɤɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɪɚɡ-
ɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɧɢɟ, ɧɚɪɟɡɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɡɶɛɵ, ɲɚɛɪɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɢɬɢɪɤɚ. Ʉ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ
ɪɟɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ: ɬɨɱɟɧɢɟ, ɮɪɟɡɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɫɜɟɪɥɟɧɢɟ, ɫɬɪɨɝɚɧɢɟ,
ɲɥɢɮɨɜɚɧɢɟ.Ɋɚɡɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ
ɮɨɪɦɵ. ɏɪɭɩɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ (ɱɭɝɭɧ, ɛɪɨɧɡɚ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɞɚɸɬ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɭ ɧɚɞɥɨɦɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɤɭɫɨɱɤɨɜ; ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ, ɦɚɥɨɜɹɡɤɢɟ, ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɜɟɪɞɚɹ ɫɬɚɥɶ) ɨɛ-
ɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɭ ɫɤɚɥɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɭɫɨɱɤɨɜ. ȿɫɥɢ ɪɟɡɚɬɶ ɜɹɡɤɢɣ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ (ɦɹɝɤɭɸ ɫɬɚɥɶ, ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɣ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.), ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɫɥɢɜɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɭ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
ɥɟɧɬɵ. ɍ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɭɸ, ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɭɸ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ
ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ.
Ƚɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ t – ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɫɥɨɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɫɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɡɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɪɨɯɨɞ
ɪɟɠɭɳɟɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ.
ɉɪɢ ɫɜɟɪɥɟɧɢɢ
2
D
t
ɦɦ, ɝɞɟ D – ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ, ɦɦ.
ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɫɜɟɪɥɢɜɚɧɢɢ
2
dD
t
ɦɦ, ɝɞɟ D – ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɫɜɟɪɥɚ, ɦɦ; d – ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ
ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ, ɦɦ.
ɉɪɢ ɬɨɱɟɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɬɨɤɚɪɧɨɦ ɫɬɚɧɤɟ
2
dD
t
ɦɦ, ɝɞɟ D – ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɡɚɝɨ-
ɬɨɜɤɢ ɞɨ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɦɦ; d – ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɧɹɬɢɹ ɫɥɨɹ ɦɚɬɟ-
ɪɢɚɥɚ, ɦɦ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɨɜ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɬɨɤɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɰɚ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɭ
ɤɥɢɧɚ, ɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɹɦɢ: ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ
ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɶɸ. ɍɝɥɵ ɬɨɤɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɰɚ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɢ ɭɝɥɵ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ.
Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɭɝɥɵ ɪɟɡɰɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɸɬ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɫɟɤɭɳɟɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ, ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢ-
ɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɹɦ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ.
ɍɝɨɥ ɡɚɨɫɬɪɟɧɢɹ ȕ – ɭɝɨɥ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨ-
ɫɬɹɦɢ ɪɟɡɰɚ.
Ɂɚɞɧɢɣ ɭɝɨɥ Į – ɭɝɨɥ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɟɡɰɚ ɢ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɶɸ
ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɪɟɡɰɨɦ. ɉɟ-
ɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɭɝɨɥ Ȗ – ɭɝɨɥ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɟɡɰɚ ɢ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɟɪ-
ɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɝɥɚɜɧɭɸ ɪɟɠɭɳɭɸ
ɤɪɨɦɤɭ. ɉɟɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɭɝɨɥ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ, ɪɚɜɧɵɦ ɧɭɥɸ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ.
140
Ɋɢɫ.39 . ɍɝɥɵ ɪɟɡɰɚ: ɚ – ɪɟɡɟɰ; ɛ – ɝɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɭɝɥɵ; ɜ – ɭɝɥɵ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ;
1 – ɩɟɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ; 2 – ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɧɹɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ;
3 – ɝɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɧɹɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ; 4 – ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɟɠɭɳɚɹ ɤɪɨɦɤɚ;
5 – ɝɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɪɟɠɭɳɚɹ ɤɪɨɦɤɚ; 6 – ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɪɟɡɰɚ
ɍɝɨɥ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ į – ɭɝɨɥ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɟɡɰɚ ɢ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɶɸ
ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ.
ɍɝɥɵ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɸɬ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɭɝɨɥ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ij –
ɭɝɨɥ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɣ ɤɪɨɦɤɨɣ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ. ȼɫɩɨɦɨɝɚ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɝɨɥ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ij
1
– ɭɝɨɥ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɣ ɤɪɨɦɤɨɣ ɢ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ (ɪɢɫ.39).
Ɉɬ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɭɝɥɨɜ ɪɟɡɰɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɢɥɚ
ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ. ɋ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɭɝɥɚ Ȗ ɭɥɭɱɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɯɨɞ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɢ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚ-
ɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɥɚ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɧɨ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɚ
ȕ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɠɭɳɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɰɚ. ɋ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɝɥɚ ij ɫɬɪɭɠɤɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ
ɬɨɧɶɲɟ ɢ ɲɢɪɟ, ɱɬɨ ɭɥɭɱɲɚɟɬ ɨɬɜɨɞ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɫɢɥɚ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ.
ɑɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɭɝɨɥ Ȗ ɢ ɱɟɦ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɭɝɨɥ į, ɬɟɦ ɥɟɝɱɟ ɫɪɟɡɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɚ. ɋ ɭɜɟɥɢ-
ɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɭɝɥɚ ɭ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɤɥɟɩ. ɋ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢ-
ɟɦ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɢ ɡɚɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɚɤɥɟɩ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ.
ɉɨɞɚɱɚ s – ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɡɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɨɛɨɪɨɬ
ɲɩɢɧɞɟɥɹ ɫɬɚɧɤɚ.
ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ȣ – ɩɭɬɶ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɦɵɣ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɣ ɤɪɨɦɤɨɣ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ
ɦɢɧɭɬɭ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
2
Dn
S
X
ɦ/ɦɢɧ,
ɝɞɟ n – ɱɢɫɥɨ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɨɜ ɲɩɢɧɞɟɥɹ ɫɬɚɧɤɚ ɜ ɦɢɧɭɬɭ;
D – ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɧɚ ɬɨɤɚɪɧɨɦ ɫɬɚɧɤɟ ɢ
ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɫɜɟɪɥɚ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɪɥɢɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɬɚɧɤɟ, ɦɦ.

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