Технологические процессы в машиностроении. Никитенко В.М - 72 стр.

UptoLike

ВУЗ: 

УлГТУ | Ульяновск

Составители: 

Рубрика: 

143
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɛɭɤɜɭ Ɏ ɫ ɰɢɮɪɨɣ: Ɏ1 – ɫ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɧɚɛɨɪɨɦ ɤɨ-
ɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ ɢ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɟɣ; Ɏ2 ɫ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɱɢɫɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨ-
ɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɑɉɍ); Ɏ3 – ɫ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɑɉɍ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
16Ʉ20ɉɎɁ); Ɏ4 – ɫ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɑɉɍ. ȼ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɫɬɚɧɤɨɜ ɫ ɰɢɤɥɨɜɵɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɉɍ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɛɭɤɜɚ ɐ, ɚ ɫ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɫ-
ɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɉɍ – ɛɭɤɜɚ Ƚ.
Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɤɨɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢ-
ɜɚɸɬ ɡɚɜɨɞɵ-ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɛɭɤɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɵ, ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚ ɤɚ-
ɠɞɵɦ ɡɚɜɨɞɨɦ.
Ʌɟɤɰɢɹ 24. Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɪɟɠɭɳɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɤɚɯ
Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɧɚ ɬɨɤɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɤɚɯ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɮɨɪɦɨɨɛɪɚ-
ɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɨɤ ɬɨɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ:
ɜɪɚɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ (ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ) ɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ
ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ-ɪɟɡɰɚ (ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ). Ⱦɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɫɢ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ (ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɚ), ɩɨɞ
ɭɝɥɨɦ ɤ ɨɫɢ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ (ɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɚ).
ɇɚ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɭɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɚɯ, ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɚɯ ɢ ɬɨɤɚɪɧɨ-ɤɚɪɭɫɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧ-
ɤɚɯ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɨɫɶ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɤɚɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɝɨ-
ɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɨɫɶ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚ ɬɨɤɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɤɚɯ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɱɟɪɧɨɜɭɸ, ɩɨɥɭ-
ɱɢɫɬɨɜɭɸ ɢ ɱɢɫɬɨɜɭɸ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɨɤ.
Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɨɱɟɧɢɹ:
– ɨɛɬɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ – ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ;
– ɪɚɫɬɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ – ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ;
– ɩɨɞɪɟɡɚɧɢɟ – ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɯ ɬɨɪɰɟɜɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ;
– ɨɬɪɟɡɤɚ – ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ
ɨɬ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ;
– ɧɚɪɟɡɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɪɟɡɶɛ ɢ ɞɪ.
Ɍɢɩɵ ɪɟɡɰɨɜ. Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɤɚɯ ɬɨɤɚɪɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɜɟɞɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɰɚɦɢ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ. Ɉɧɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɭ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɯɚɪɚɤ-
ɬɟɪɭ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ, ɮɨɪɦɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɥɟɡɜɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ
ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ, ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ, ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ.
ɉɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɪɟɡɰɵ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɱɟɪɧɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɱɢɫɬɨɜɵɟ.
Ƚɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɟɡɰɨɜ ɬɚɤɨɜɵ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɢ-
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɵ ɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɢ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶɸ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɡɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɥɟɡɜɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɹ ɪɟɡɰɵ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟ-
ɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɹɦɵɟ, ɨɬɨɝɧɭɬɵɟ ɢ ɨɬɬɹɧɭɬɵ . ɍ ɨɬɬɹɧɭɬɵɯ ɪɟɡɰɨɜ ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɥɟɡ-
ɜɢɹ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɲɢɪɢɧɵ ɤɪɟɩɟɠɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ.
ɉɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɪɟɡɰɵ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɵɟ ɢ ɥɟɜɵɟ.
Ʌɟɜɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɫ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɚɱɟɣ ɫɥɟɜɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɨ, ɩɪɚɜɵɟ – ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ.
144
ɉɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɬɨɤɚɪɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɰɵ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ: ɧɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɵɟ 1–3, ɩɨɞ-
ɪɟɡɧɵɟ 4, ɪɚɫɬɨɱɧɵɟ 5 ɢ 6, ɨɬɪɟɡɧɵɟ 7, ɪɟɡɶɛɨɜɵɟ 8, ɮɚɫɨɧɧɵɟ 9 ɢ 10.
ɉɪɨɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɪɹɦɵɟ ɢ ɨɬɨɝɧɭɬɵɟ ɪɟɡɰɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɧɚɪɭɠ-
ɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɪɟɡɰɨɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɭɝɨɥ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ
ij = 45–60°, ɚ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɝɨɥ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ij
1
= 15–20°. ɍ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɬɨɝɧɭ-
ɬɵɯ ɪɟɡɰɨɜ ɭɝɥɵ ij = ij
1
= 45°. ɗɬɢ ɪɟɡɰɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɫ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶ-
ɧɵɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɞɪɟɡɧɵɟ ɫ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ
(ɪɢɫ.40).
Ɋɢɫ.40 . Ɍɨɤɚɪɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɰɵ: 1 – 3 – ɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɵɟ; 4 – ɩɨɞɪɟɡɧɨɣ;
5, 6 – ɪɚɫɬɨɱɧɵɟ; 7 – ɨɬɪɟɡɧɨɣ (ɨɬɬɹɧɭɬɵɣ);
8 – ɪɟɡɶɛɨɜɨɣ; 9, 10 – ɮɚɫɨɧɧɵɟ
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɨɪɰɟɜɨɣ
ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɭɩɨɪɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɰɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɭɝɨɥ ɜ ɩɥɚ-
ɧɟ ij 90°. ɗɬɢ ɪɟɡɰɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɫ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ.
ɉɨɞɪɟɡɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɰɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɪɰɨɜ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɨɤ. Ɉɧɢ ɪɚ-
ɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɫ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɰɟɧ-
ɬɪɭ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ.
Ɋɚɫɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɰɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɬɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ
ɞɜɚ ɬɢɩɚ ɪɚɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɰɨɜ; ɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɵɟ – ɞɥɹ ɫɤɜɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɭɩɨɪɧɵɟ
– ɞɥɹ ɝɥɭɯɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ. ɍ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɰɨɜ ɭɝɨɥ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ
ij = 45–60°, ɚ ɭ ɭɩɨɪɧɵɯ – ɭɝɨɥ ij ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ 90°,
Ɉɬɪɟɡɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɰɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɨɤ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɨɬɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɬɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɧɚɜɨɤ. ɗɬɢ ɪɟɡɰɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɫ ɩɨ-
ɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ. Ɉɬɪɟɡɧɨɣ ɪɟɡɟɰ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɭɸ ɪɟɠɭɳɭɸ ɤɪɨɦɤɭ,
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɞ ɭɝɥɨɦ ij = 90°, ɢ ɞɜɟ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫ ɭɝɥɚɦɢ
ij
1
= 1–2
ɨ
. ɍ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɟɡɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɰɨɜ ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɣ ɤɪɨɦɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
3–10 ɦɦ.
Ɋɟɡɶɛɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɡɰɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɪɟɡɶ-
ɛɵ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɪɟɠɭɳɢɯ ɥɟɡɜɢɣ ɪɟɡɶɛɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɡɰɨɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɩɪɨɮɢɥɸ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɪɟɡɚɟɦɵɯ ɪɟɡɶɛ.
Ɏɚɫɨɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɰɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɯ ɮɚɫɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯ-
ɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɞɨ 30–40 ɦɦ. Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɣ ɤɪɨɦɤɢ ɮɚ-
ɫɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɰɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɸ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ.

Страницы