Английский язык. Методические указания. Никитина С.Я - 16 стр.

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to hold data and the program as required, and an output device to display or print data. A
control unit is used to decode instructions from a program to control the arithmetic and
memory processes.
Great advances have been made in the storage or memory system of a computer since
the invention of the first calculator. Instead of the earlier systems such as magnetic tapes,
cores and drums disc storage is used in modern computers. Digital compact discs,
invented in 1978 by Philips, are unaffected by dust, scratches and fingerprints and are now
widely used because of their high storage capability.
The integrated circuit memory chip consists of many thousands of transistors. It is able
to store and extract a given pulse or bit when required. The chip is composed of a number
of cells. Each cell contains a byte (a number composed of eight bits). There are two kinds
of chips: ROM (Read Only Memory) and RAM ( Random Access Memory) chips. They
can give out their stored programs when needed. In the case of the ROM, this data is fixed,
whereas the RAM chip can be instructed to remember patterns.
Calculations are normally performed by using arithmetic. Two numbers only are used -
0 and 1 in binary system instead of 0-10 in the decimal system.
As the computer operates in binary code, for a programming language it is necessary
to convert words or instructions into suitable binary codes. As for initial low-level
languages, every action of the computer there has to be described in detail, but with
modern high-level languages, a simple instruction can result in complicated actions. To
make sure that instructions are presented in a logical order a flow chart is used sometimes
to specify the program.
A number of programming languages were developed and put into service to make
the work of the programmer easier, among them FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation) for
scientific use, COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language) for commercial use and
BASIC (Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Code) for teaching.
Ex. 1. Translate the following word combinations looking back at the text:
1) to decode instructions; 2) low-level languages; 3) high-level languages; 4) in a
logical order; 5) to make the work easier.
Ex. 2. Find in the text English equivalents to:
1) приводить к сложным действиям ; 2) программист; 3) царапина; 4) чтобы
убедиться в том, что...; 5) преобразовывать слова
Ex. 3. The words given below have one and the same root, but their meanings are
different. Copy and memorize them. Translate the sentences from English into
Russian.
able - способный; to be able to, to be capable of = can; to enable – позволять;
capability - способность
1. If he was an able student I would teach him. 2. As I had plenty of money I was able
to help her. 3. Will you be able to come to the party? 4. They were not able to find the
house. 5. Everybody considers him an able lawyer, you can trust him. 6. This bird’s large
wings enable it to fly very fast. 7. This dictionary will enable better international

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