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Concrete
noun
Abstract
noun
Verb
“Positive”
adjective
“Negative”
adjective
scientist 1) science 2) 3)
4) 5) sensitive 6)
7) 8) fundamental 9)
10) law 11) 12)
1. The normal ________________ advice is to be as
clear and logical as possible.
2. The machine __________ when the engine gets too
hot, and shuts itself off.
3. Someone who believes that original religious and
political laws should be followed very strictly and not
be changed is called a ____________________ .
4. The jury returned a verdict of ____________ kill-
ing.
SCIENCE
SENSITIVE
FUNDAMENTAL
LAW
PRACTICE ACTIVITIES
DEFINITIONS
When we present new concepts, or explain new technology, or describe a new way of looking at an old idea, we
need to define these things so that it is perfectly clear what we mean. The kind of definitions we are usually concerned
with in academic writing is a formal definition.
A formal definition is the well-known equation T = C + D, where:
T is the term being defined,
C is the class of which the term is a member (subset),
D is the sum of the differences given to distinguish this term from all
other members of the class.
A definition of ‘a scientist’ is a good example of a formal definition:
“A scientist is a person whose job is to do theoretical or applied research”.
Another example of a formal definition is a definition of ‘an encyclopaedia’: “An encyclopaedia is a book which
gives information on subjects in alphabetical order”.
Note: Who is used for persons, which is used for inanimate objects
and animals, that is used for both persons and objects, where is used for
places.
12. Join the sentences on the left below with the correct ones from those on the right. Use an appropriate
relative pronoun or adverb to create a relative clause. E.g.: A key word is a basic term. It represents the main fea-
ture or idea of something. A key word is a basic term that represents the main feature or idea of something.
1. A moderator is a person a) it can be used to generate and refine re-
search ideas. It is best undertaken with a
group of people.
2. Brainstorming is a tech-
nique
b) it contains much of the knowledge used
by experts in a specific field and is de-
signed to assist non-experts in problem
solving.
3. An internal researcher is
a person
c) he conducts research within an organiza-
tion for which he works.
4. An expert system is a
computer-based system
d) it shows how research should be under-
taken, including theoretical and philosophi-
cal assumptions upon which research is
based.
5. An explanatory study is
research
e) there students study for degrees and
academic research is done.
6. Methodology is a theory f) it allows the presenter to design overhead
slides using texts, pictures, photographs
etc., which lend a professional appearance.
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