Английский язык для исследователей (English for Researchers). Никульшина Н.Л - 14 стр.

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All of these are examples of hypotheses because they use the tentative word “may”. However, their form is not
quite correct. Using the word “may” does not suggest how you would go about proving it. If these statements had not
been written carefully, they may not have even been hypotheses at all. For example, if we say “Trees will change color
when it gets cold” we are making a prediction. Or if we write "Ultraviolet light causes skin cancer", we make a conclu-
sion. One way to prevent making such easy mistakes is to formalize the form of the hypothesis.
Formalized hypothesis examples:
If leaf color change is related to temperature
, then exposing plants to low temperatures will result in changes in
leaf color.
If skin cancer is related to ultraviolet light
, then people with a high exposure to uv light will have a higher fre-
quency of skin cancer.
Notice that these statements contain the words, if and then. They are necessary in a formalized hypothesis.
Formalized hypotheses contain two variables. One is "independent" and the other is "dependent." The independent
variable is the one the scientist controls and the dependent variable is the one the scientist observes and/or measures. In the
statements above the dependent variable is printed in italics and the independent variable is underlined. The ultimate value
of a formalized hypothesis is that it forces us to think about what results we should look for in an experiment.
7. The conclusions are the results of research findings. Usually the conclusions follow the order:
– conclusion on whether the research goal has been achieved;
– conclusion on whether the hypothesis has been proved or not;
– conclusion on whether each research task has been fulfilled;
– conclusions on what has been found in fulfilling every research task;
– conclusion on additional findings during the research;
– conclusion on further prospects to continue the research.
8. Evaluation of the research paper is done out of 100 %. Each item of evaluation is assessed out of 10 %. In all
there are 10 items of evaluation:
− innovative subject;
− forceful hypothesis;
− concrete research goal;
− clear research tasks;
− adequate methods of research;
− detailed presentation of data;
− convincing interpretation;
− well grounded novel conclusions;
− complete bibliography list;
− perfect format.
If your research paper scores less than 65 % it is “non-pass” and will have to be improved. A satisfactory result is up
to 80 %. Between 80 % and 95 % is a good grade. An excellent result is 95 % and over.
2. Restore the logical order of the stages of research:
¾ studying known facts about the object of research
¾ formulating and clarifying a topic
¾ defining the object of research
¾ choosing adequate methods
¾ moving a hypothesis
¾ setting objectives
¾ collecting experimental data
¾ stating a problem
¾ explaining the results obtained
¾ determining application areas
¾ quantitative and qualitative processing of data
3. Complete the sentences according to the text above.
1. Research as a multi-stage process that …
2. General research area is determined by …
3. The object of the research is …
4. The subject of the research denotes what …
5. A research problem may be defined as …
6. A problem is topical if …
7. A hypothesis is a tentative assumption that …
8. Hypotheses should meet the requirements of ….
9. Hypotheses are of three types, namely …
10. The hypothesis is rejected if ….
11. Formalized hypotheses include …
12. The conclusions of research follow the order…
13. If you want to be proud of your research, it should meet the following parameters:
____________ subject;
____________ hypothesis;
____________ research goal;
____________ research tasks;

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