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2. Read the text and transfer essential data on the research philosophies, approaches and strategies into the
scheme below. The beginning has been done for you.
Figure 5.2. The research process ‘onion’
3. Match terms in column A with their definitions in column B.
A B
1. deductive
approach
a. Research philosophy that requires the researcher to
seek to understand the subjective reality and meanings of
participants.
2. inductive
approach
b. General plan of how the researcher will go about an-
swering the research questions.
3. positivism c. Research approach involving the testing of a theoreti-
cal proposition by the employment of a research strategy
specifically designed for the purpose of its testing.
4. interpretivism d. The use of two or more independent sources of data
within one study in order to help ensure that the data are
telling you what you think they are telling you.
5. dependent
variable
e. Research approach involving the development of a
theory as a result of the observation of empirical data.
6. realism f. Research strategy that involves the definition of a
theoretical hypothesis; the selection of samples; the allo-
cation of samples to different experimental conditions;
the introduction of planned change on one or more of the
variables; and measurement on a small number of vari-
ables and control of other variables.
7. triangulation g. Research philosophy that involves working with an
observable social reality. The end product can be law-
like generalizations similar to those produced by the
physical and natural scientists.
8. research
strategy
h. Variable that changes in response to changes in
other variables.
9. experiment i. Research philosophy that believes in, and seeks to
understand, the existence of an external and objective
reality that influences people’s social interpretations
and behaviours but which may not be perceptible to
them. It recognizes that people themselves are not ob-
jects to be studied in the style of natural sciences.
Positivism
Research phi-
losophy
Inductive
Research ap-
proaches
Research
strategies
Time
horizons
Case study
Sampling
Interviews
Observation
Questionnaires
Secondary data
Cross-sectional
Data collection
methods
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