Практикум по английскому языку (по истории Англии Средних веков). Пилипенко В.А - 27 стр.

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ÒÅÊÑÒ VII / TEXT VII
STATE, BARON, CHURCH
The Conqueror’s two sons, William II and Henry
I, continued to strengthen the power of the state at the
expense of the feudal nobles. Henry began a process of
taking the administration of justice out of the hands of
private individuals and made it solely the affair of the
state
. Almost all Henry’s innovations had a financial
object, and one of the most important was the
establishment of a special department, the Exchequer, to
deal with the collection of revenue. Much of the king’s
income came from the crown manors, the rest from the
property tax. And the various feudal dues and aids. All
these were collected by the sheriff in each county and
paid over to the Exchequer, which was a special
development of the king’s council, a feudal body which
originally consisted of the tenants-in-chief. On Henry’s
death the worst tendencies of feudalism, which had
been suppressed under the Norman kings, became
evident. Private wars and private castles sprang
everywhere. Hundreds of tyrants tortured and plunded
the unfortunate peasantry and chaos reigned
everywhere. This atmosphere of strained feudal anarchy
was sharp enough to make the masses welcome an
attempt of the crown to diminish the power of nobles.
The state machinery which Henry I had set up was
overhauled and extended. More and more powers were
given to the travelling commissioners who represented
the king in all parts of the country. Increased use was
made of the sheriffs as permanent representatives of the
crown. At the same time they were kept under the
closest control. The interest of the crown was to do
away with unauthorized exactions so that its own
revenue could be as large as possible. Almost every
reform of this age has its object the increasing and
better collection of the king’s dues. Apart from the
barons, the increasing power of the state had to meet
the claims of the church to be
recognized
as an
independent, international organization. The struggle
between church and state in England was only a part of
a battle that extended all over Euro
p
e with var
y
in
g
çà ñ÷åò
îòïðàâëåíèå
ïðàâîñóäèÿ
ãîñóäàðñòâåííîå
äåëî
óñòàíîâëåíèå;
êàçíà÷åéñòâî
ôåîäàëüíûé
îðãàí
ñòðîæàéøèé
ïðèçíàííîé
ðàñïðîñòðàíèëàñü
                    ÒÅÊÑÒ VII / TEXT VII
                  STATE, BARON, CHURCH

       The Conqueror’s two sons, William II and Henry
I, continued to strengthen the power of the state at the   çà ñ÷åò
expense of the feudal nobles. Henry began a process of
taking the administration of justice out of the hands of   îòïðàâëåíèå
private individuals and made it solely the affair of the   ïðàâîñóäèÿ
state. Almost all Henry’s innovations had a financial      ãîñóäàðñòâåííîå
object, and one of the most important was the              äåëî
establishment of a special department, the Exchequer, to   óñòàíîâëåíèå;
deal with the collection of revenue. Much of the king’s    êàçíà÷åéñòâî
income came from the crown manors, the rest from the
property tax. And the various feudal dues and aids. All
these were collected by the sheriff in each county and
paid over to the Exchequer, which was a special
development of the king’s council, a feudal body which     ôåîäàëüíûé
originally consisted of the tenants-in-chief. On Henry’s   îðãàí
death the worst tendencies of feudalism, which had
been suppressed under the Norman kings, became
evident. Private wars and private castles sprang
everywhere. Hundreds of tyrants tortured and plunded
the unfortunate peasantry and            chaos   reigned
everywhere. This atmosphere of strained feudal anarchy
was sharp enough to make the masses welcome an
attempt of the crown to diminish the power of nobles.
The state machinery which Henry I had set up was
overhauled and extended. More and more powers were
given to the travelling commissioners who represented
the king in all parts of the country. Increased use was
made of the sheriffs as permanent representatives of the
crown. At the same time they were kept under the
closest control. The interest of the crown was to do       ñòðîæàéøèé
away with unauthorized exactions so that its own
revenue could be as large as possible. Almost every
reform of this age has its object the increasing and
better collection of the king’s dues. Apart from the
barons, the increasing power of the state had to meet
the claims of the church to be recognized as an            ïðèçíàííîé
independent, international organization. The struggle
between church and state in England was only a part of
a battle that extended all over Europe with varying        ðàñïðîñòðàíèëàñü




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