Практикум по английскому языку (по истории Англии Средних веков). Пилипенко В.А - 29 стр.

Îíî çàíèìàëîñü ñáîðîì íàëîãîâ. Áðèòàíèÿ áûëà ïîäåëåíà íà ãðàô-
ñòâà. Âî ãëàâå êàæäîãî ãðàôñòâà ñòîÿë øåðèô, êîòîðûé ñîáèðàë
ôåîäàëüíûå íàëîãè è ñäàâàë â êàçíó.
      Îãðîìíàÿ âëàñòü áûëà ïðåäîñòàâëåíà êîìèññèîíåðàì, êîòîðûå
ÿâëÿëèñü ïðåäñòàâèòåëÿìè êîðîíû è îñóùåñòâëÿëè êîíòðîëü íàä
øåðèôàìè.Ñðåäíèå âåêà óâåí÷àëèñü òðîéíûì àíòàãîíèçìîì öåðê-
âè, áàðîíîâ è ãîñóäàðñòâà. Ãîñóäàðñòâî õîòåëî áûòü åäèíîâëàñòíûì
ïðàâèòåëåì. Öåðêîâü õîòåëà áûòü íåçàâèñèìîé îò ãîñóäàðñòâà, à áà-
ðîíû õîòåëè èçáàâèòüñÿ îò îïåêè öåðêâè è ãîñóäàðñòâà.

V. It is interesting to know. Read and translate the text.
                          The First Universities
      Most of the British writers and poets about whom we are going to
speak were educated at universities. It will be interesting to know how
and when the two great universities of Oxford and Cambridge were
founded in England.
      Before the XIIth century people got to think that books and the
learning that was to be found in books belonged to the Church only,
and that common people who were not priests or monks had no
business to meddle with books or book-learning. But with the
development of such sciences as medicine and law, corporations of
general study, called «universitas» appeared in Italy and France. The
fully developed university had four faculties: three superior (higher)
faculties, that of Theology, (the study of religious books), of Canon
Law (church laws) and of Medicine and one inferior (primary)
faculty, that of Art, where seven subjects were studied: Latin Grammar,
Rhetoric (the art of impressive speaking), Logic, Arithmetic, Geometry,
Astronomy and Music.
      Paris was the great centre for higher education for English
students. In the middle of the XIIth century a controversy on the study
of Logic arose among the professors. A group of professors were expelled.
Followed by their students, they went over to Britain and founded
schools at the town of Oxford in 1168 which formed the first university.
      However, the plague and war and other trouble led to a temporary
dispersion of the schools. A second university was founded in 1209 in
Cambridge, to which a body of students migrated from Oxford. The
graduates were awarded with degrees: Bachelor of Science, Master of
Arts and Doctor.
      Towards the end of the XIIIth century colleges where other
subjects were studied appeared around the universities.

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