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ȽɅɈɋɋȺɊɂɃ
Ⱥɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ – ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ, ɫɬɪɭɤ-
ɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ.
Ȼɵɬɨɜɵɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ – ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɛɵɬɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ.
ȼɥɚɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ – (ɝɢɝɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ, ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ) – ɫɩɨɫɨɛ-
ɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɜɦɟɳɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɨɪɚɯ ɢ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɬɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɞɵ.
ȼɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ – ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɝɪɭɧɬɟ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ:
– ɜɟɫɨɜɭɸ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯ ɨɬ ɜɟɫɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɝɪɭɧ-
ɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯ ɨɬ ɜɟɫɚ ɫɵɪɨɝɨ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ;
– ɨɛɴɟɦɧɭɸ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ – ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɝɪɭɧɬɟ, ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ
ɜɨɞɵ ɤ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ.
ȼɨɞɨɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɟ – ɷɬɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɜɩɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ
ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ.
ȼɨɞɨɨɬɞɚɱɚ – ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ, ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɣ, ɨɬɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɟɟ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫɢ-
ɥɵ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ.
ȼɨɞɨɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ – ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɬɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɟɛɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬ-
ɜɨ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
Ƚɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ – ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɧɚɭɤ ɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ, ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɵ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɯ ɫɮɟɪ Ɂɟɦɥɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɟ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɯ.
Ƚɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ: ɫɬɪɚɬɢɝɪɚɮɢɸ, ɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɤɭ, ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɸ, ɜɭɥɤɚɧɨɥɨɝɢɸ,
ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɝɢɸ, ɩɟɬɪɨɝɪɚɮɢɸ, ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɸ, ɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɸ.
Ƚɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ –
ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ (ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɩɨɞɩɨɪɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɧɵ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.) ɢɥɢ ɫɨ ɡɧɚ-
ɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɫɟɞɚɧɢɹɯ, ɩɪɨɫɚɞɤɚɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ
ɨɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɫɚ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.;
Ƚɪɭɧɬ. Ƚɪɭɧɬɚɦɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɫɟ ɪɵɯɥɵɟ ɝɨɪɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɡɟɦɥɢ – ɧɟ-
ɫɜɹɡɧɵɟ (ɫɵɩɭɱɢɟ) ɢ ɫɜɹɡɧɵɟ (ɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɟ), ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ
ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɝɪɭɧɬ – ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ (ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɨɱ-
ɜɵ), ɡɚɥɟɝɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɜɵɜɟɬɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɵ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɤ-
ɬɨɦ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ.
Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ:
– ɫɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɫɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɧɬɵ – ɩɨɪɨɞɵ, ɡɚɥɟɝɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɦɨɧɨɥɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ
ɬɪɟɳɢɧɨɜɚɬɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚ;
– ɪɵɯɥɵɟ ɝɪɭɧɬɵ – ɤɪɭɩɧɨɨɛɥɨɦɨɱɧɵɟ, ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ.
Ƚɪɭɧɬ ɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɣ – ɫɜɹɡɧɵɣ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɪɭɧɬ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ
1
t
p
I
.
Ƚɪɭɧɬ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɣ – ɝɪɭɧɬ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ (ɡɟɪɟɧ) ɪɚɡ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ, ɫɥɚɛɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ; ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɵɜɟɬɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɤɚɥɶ-
ɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɜɵɜɟɬɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɧɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɷɨɥɨ-
ɜɵɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɢ ɢɯ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ.
Ƚɪɭɧɬ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɨɛɥɨɦɨɱɧɵɣ – ɧɟɫɜɹɡɧɵɣ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɪɭɧɬ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ
ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɟ 2 ɦɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ 50 %.
Ƚɪɭɧɬ ɦɟɪɡɥɵɣ – ɝɪɭɧɬ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɢɥɢ ɧɭɥɟɜɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ, ɫɨɞɟɪ-
ɠɚɳɢɣ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɜɢɞɢɦɵɟ ɥɟɞɹɧɵɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ (ɢɥɢ) ɥɟɞ-ɰɟɦɟɧɬ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸ-
ɳɢɣɫɹ ɤɪɢɨɝɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɹɡɹɦɢ.
Ƚɪɭɧɬ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɟɦɟɪɡɥɵɣ – (ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦ – ɝɪɭɧɬ ɜɟɱɧɨɦɟɪɡɥɵɣ) – ɝɪɭɧɬ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ
ɦɟɪɡɥɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɯ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɥɟɬ.
Ƚɪɭɧɬ ɦɨɪɨɡɧɵɣ – ɫɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɪɭɧɬ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪ-
ɠɚɳɢɣ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɥɟɞ ɢ ɧɟɡɚɦɟɪɡɲɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ.
98
Ƚɪɭɧɬ ɩɨɥɭɫɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ – ɝɪɭɧɬ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɜ,
ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ.
ɍɫɥɨɜɧɚɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɤɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɫɤɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɭɧɬɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɱ-
ɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɨɫɧɨɟ ɫɠɚɬɢɟ (
5t
c
R
Ɇɉɚ – ɫɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɧɬɵ,
5
c
R
Ɇɉɚ – ɩɨɥɭɫɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɝɪɭɧɬɵ).
Ƚɪɭɧɬ ɩɪɨɫɚɞɨɱɧɵɣ – ɝɪɭɧɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-
ɝɨ ɜɟɫɚ ɢɥɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɫɚ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɦɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɟ-
ɬɟɪɩɟɜɚɟɬ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ (ɩɪɨɫɚɞɤɭ) ɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɩɪɨ-
ɫɚɞɤɢ
01,0tH
sl
.
Ƚɪɭɧɬ ɩɭɱɢɧɢɫɬɵɣ – ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɣ ɝɪɭɧɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɬɚɥɨɝɨ ɜ ɦɟɪɡɥɨɟ ɫɨ-
ɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɥɶɞɚ ɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɦɨɪɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɱɟɧɢɹ
0
1
,0
tH
fh
.
Ƚɪɭɧɬ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɦɟɪɡɥɵɣ – ɝɪɭɧɬ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɪɡɥɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜ
ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɡɨɧɚ.
Ƚɪɭɧɬ ɫɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ – ɝɪɭɧɬ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɬɨɜ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɦɢɧɟɪɚ-
ɥɨɜ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ.
Ƚɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ – ɛɟɡɧɚɩɨɪɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ; ɩɪɢ ɜɫɤɪɵɬɢɢ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɦɢ, ɤɨɥɨɞɰɚɦɢ ɢɯ ɭɪɨ-
ɜɟɧɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɨɣ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɷɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɜɫɤɪɵɬɵ. Ƚɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɥɟɝɤɨ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵ ɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ, ɧɨ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɧɟɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɹɸɬɫɹ.
Ƚɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ – ɜɨɞɵ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɨɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɧɨɫɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ,
ɡɚɥɟɝɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɚɧɧɨɦ ɜɨɞɨɭɩɨɪɧɨɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɟ.
ɋɜɟɪɯɭ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɵ ɜɨɞɨɭɩɨɪɨɦ ɢ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɧɟ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɜɨ-
ɞɨɧɨɫɧɵɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɧɭɸ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ. ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɞɨɩɨɥ-
ɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɝɨ.
Ƚɪɭɧɬɵ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ – ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɧɬɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɬɟɯ-
ɧɨɝɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ (ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɟ, ɡɚɦɨɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ, ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.) ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬ
ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɮɚɡɨɜɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ.
Ƚɪɭɧɬɵ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɯɢɦɢɤɨ-ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ – ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɧɬɵ, ɜɤɨ-
ɬɨɪɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɭɪɭ.
Ⱦɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɨɫɬɶ – ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢ ɨɛɴ-
ɺɦɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ, ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɸ. Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɜɢɞɚ ɝɪɭɧ-
ɬɚ,
ɟɝɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ, ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɥɚɦɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ – ɡɚɤɨɧ ɥɚɦɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ Ⱦɚɪɫɢ, ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ: ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɪ-
ɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɭ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ.
Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɞɜɢɝɭ – ɡɚɤɨɧ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɞɜɢɝɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɫɞɜɢɝɭ ɟɫɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ.
Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ – ɡɚɤɨɧ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɥɟ-
ɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
Ɂɚɫɨɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ – ɡɚɫɨɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ (ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɡɚɫɨɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ) – ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɥɟɝɤɨ- ɢ
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯ ɨɬ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ. Ʉ ɥɟɝɤɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢ-
ɦɵɦ ɫɨɥɹɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ: ɯɥɨɪɢɞɵ NaCl, ɋaCl
2,
KCl, ɆgCl
2
; ɛɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɵ NaHCO
3,
Na
2
CO
3
,
ɋɚ(ɇɋɈ
3
)
2
, Mg(ɇɋɈ
3
)
2
; ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ Na
2
CO
3
, ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɵ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ MgSO
4
, Na
2
SO
4.
Ʉ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɦ ɫɨɥɹɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɝɢɩɫ CaSO
4
·2H
2
O ɢ ɚɧɝɢɞɪɢɬ CaSO
4
.
Ɂɚɫɨɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɡɥɵɟ ɝɪɭɧɬɵ – ɝɪɭɧɬɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɫɥɟ-
ɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ:
– ɞɥɹ ɬɨɧɤɢɯ ɢ ɩɵɥɟɜɚɬɵɯ ɩɟɫɤɨɜ – 0,05%;
