Практикум по истории языка (древнеанглийский период). Пятышина Т.Г - 27 стр.

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27
IRREGULAR VERBS
Among the four OE irregular verbs bēon, ʒān, dōn, willan,
the first two (bēon, ʒān) were completely different from all the others
because they were based on different roots.
The 1st person Singular Present Indicative of bēon was eorm in
West Saxon or am, eam in Anglian. The 2nd person was eart, the 3
rd
person was is, the plural was sint or sindon, but there also existed the
Anglian forms aron and earon. The verb bēon was to survive in the
Infinitive, in the Subjunctive, in the Participle I and in the Participle II.
The Past Tense belonged to the verb wesan. It was was in the 1st
and 3rd person Singular, were in the 2nd person Singular and w
ǣron in
the plural.
NB.
The ModE forms was and were are the only survivals of the OE
difference between the Singular and the Plural in the Past Tense.
The verb ʒān had its past tense ēode from another verb. In ModE it
was to be replaced by the Past Tense of OE wendan "to turn", or the verb
went in Modern English.
THE VERB "TO BE"
It is found with the Present Participle as the ancestor of the MnE
continuous tenses. But here too the participle was originally adjectival
rather than verbal. It should also be noted that the OE combination is not
the exact equivalent of the modern usage. Often it means the same as the
corresponding Simple Tense.
E.g. Þa wæs se cyning openlice andettende þam bioscope "Then the
king openly confessed to the bishop", though it may give greater vividness.
But sometimes it implies that an action continues for some time.
E.g. ond hie þa… feohtende wæron "and then they kept on fighting"
and ða ða se apostol þas lāre sprēcende wæs "while the apostle was
explaining this teaching".
The verb to be is also found with the Past Participle forming the
Perfect Tense of intransitive verbs.
E.g. Swǣ clǣne hio [=lar] wæs ōðfeallenu on Angelcynne
"So complerely was learning fallen away in England" (where the participle is
declined like a Noun, feminine, nom. case, singular, agreeing with the subject).

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