Практикум по истории языка (древнеанглийский период). Пятышина Т.Г - 28 стр.

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28
THE PASSIVE
Only one OE verb had a synthetic passive, viz. hātte "is called",
"was called". E.g. se munuc hātte Abbo "the monk was called A.".
Otherwise the idea was expressed by the impersonal man "one" with the
active voice.
E.g. Her mon mæg giet gesion hiora swæð "Here one can still see
their track", or by the verbs "to be" or "to become" with the Past Participle.
E.g. to bysmore synd getawode þas earman landleoda "the miserable
people of this land are shamefully ill-treated" and Ǽfter þæm þe Romeburg
getimbred wæs … "After Rome was (had been) built".
The difference between the forms with wesan and those with
weorðan is not well-defined. It sometimes seems to emphasize the state
arising from the action. But this does not always hold. Such fluctuations
are natural in a developing language. The fact that the weorðan form
disappeared suggests that the language found other ways of making the
distinction when it was necessary. [Mitchel 10, 110].
THE ADVERB
There were 2 types of adverbs in OE: primary adverbs not derived
from other parts of speech and secondary adverbs derived from other parts
of speech.
In the first group there were many adverbs which had a certain
similarity with pronouns.
E.g. Þā "hen", Þonne "then", Þǣr "there", Þider "thither", hwone
"when", hwǣr "where", hwider "whither", hwonan "whence", nū "now",
hēr "here", hider "hither", heonan "hence".
Here also belongs the adverbs sōna "soon", oft "often", eft "again",
swā "so", etc. [5, 110].
The second group was more numerous, it comprised adverbs derived
from nouns and adjectives. Thus, hwillum, N. abs., the dative, came from
hwil "while, period of time", and the genitive -es gave birth to a number
of adverbs such as ealles "entirely", elles "else", micles "much", nides
"needs", dæʒes "by day", nihtes "at night", ānes "once", hāmweardes
"homewards".
NB. In ModE we find the following formations, based on the
genitive inflexion: "always", "backwards", "sideways".

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