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8
If you are not sure of the distinction between vowels and diphthongs,
you should consult a simple manual of phonetics. It is but important to
realize that OE words, such as heall, heold, hielt, which contain
diphthongs are just as much as monosyllables in ModE "meat" and "base",
which contain but diphthongs. The diphthongs with approximate
pronunciation are: 1. [ea], 2. [eo], 3. [ie].
But please remember that like the ModE word "I", they are
diphthongs, not two distinct vowels such as we get in the "sea".
In general, writers of OE gave to the Roman letters the values
attached to them in Latin. This was true even with sound which in the
7th c. Latin no longer, indeed, represented something like [ie], as it had in
classical times but, on the other hand, had not yet become confused in
Latin with e [e] as it did later, but meant something very like [i:].
Y is not a "native" Latin letter, but a borrowing from Greek. The
Modern English use of y for [j] seems to have begun in the 13th c. (See
the New Oxford English Dictionary, where the English name Wye comes
from no one knows). [4].
SHORTENING BEFORE A SINGLE FINAL CONSONANT
This phenomenon occurs chiefly in the period following the loss of
unstressed letter e, in the late ME and ModE periods .
The shortening is widely attested by the earliest grammarians.
Spellings, indicating shortening, are frequent in the 16th c. and earlier.
Simultaneously with the vowel – shortening there occurred lengthening of
the final consonant.
We must remember that ai was shortened again in the word
"again" [e], probably influenced by "against", and in said [e], says [e],
probably through lack of stress. (It is a typical mistake with both pupils
and students, mind you!)
LONG VOWELS BEFORE A CONSONANT GROUP
The OE vowels before lengthening groups such as ld, mb, nd, r+C
(C=consonant) insofar as they were not shortened in ME, were mostly
preserved in derivatives and regular shortening before consonant groups
often took place, while the simplex kept the long vowel.
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