Практикум по истории языка (древнеанглийский период). Пятышина Т.Г - 9 стр.

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УлГТУ | Ульяновск

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9
GRADATION
The original Germanic gradation system has been obscured even in
OE texts, owing to a number of phonetic changes: risan-ras-rison-risen.
Gradation is also occasionally found as a means of word-building.
E.g. belifan "remain", lāf "remainder", faran "go" or "travel",
ridan "ride", verb – rād "ride", noun.
FRACTURE OR BREAKING
OE fracture means diphthongization of short vowels before certain
consonant clusters. It is the vowels a and e that undergo fracture:
ea before r+l, h+C (С = a consonant): arm – earm, ald – eald,
ahta – eahta, e – eo before r+C, lc, l+C, h+C and h final:
herte – heorte, melkan –meolkan.
Fracture is most consistently carried out in the West Saxon dialect.
In other dialects, such as Mercian, there is no fracture in many cases:
arm, ald, ahta.
PALATILIZATION
OE vowels a, æ, e, o could change under the influence of the
consonants, c and the cluster sc. As a result of palatalization the vowels are
diphthongized:
a – ea scacan – sceacan "shake"
o – eo scort – sceort "short"
Alongside sceacan, sceort, the variants scacan, scort also occur.
MUTATION OR UMLAUT
In OE i-mutation affects practically all vowels, except e and i: By
mutation we mean a change of vowel, caused by partial assimilation to the
following vowel.
A complete list of mutation processes in OE is the following:
1. Monophthongs: a – e, æ – e, o – e, o – e, a – æ, u – y, u – y:
sandian – sendan "send"
tælian – tellan "tell"
ofstian – efstan "hurry"

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