Гидрогеоэкология. Смирнова А.Я. - 17 стр.

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17
:gZeba \h^u m^h[gh ij_^klZ\eylv \ \b^_ ]jZnbdZ
–
ijyfhm]hevgbdZ
H[uqghbkihevamxl^\Zijyfhm]hevgbdZGZijyfhm]hevgbd_jZkiheh`_gghf
ke_\Z kgbam \\_jo hldeZ^u\Zxl ffhev
-
ijhp_glgh_ kh^_j`Zgb_ dZlbhgh\ GZ
ijyfhm]hevgbd_ jZkiheh`_gghf kijZ\Z
–
bah[jZ`Zxl ffhev
-
ijhp_glgh_ kh
^_j`Zgb_Zgbhgh\\ihjy^d_bom[u\Zxs_cZdlb\ghklb<kmff_dZ`^ucijy
fhm]hevgbdij_^klZ\ey_l
-
wd\
=jZnbq_kdbbah[jZ`ZlvZgZebafh`ghkihfhsvxdjm]
-
^bZ]jZffuGB
LheklbobgZJZ^bmkdjm]Z\aZ^ZgghffZkrlZ[_hljZ`Z_l\_ebqbgmh[s_cfb
g_jZebaZpbb\h^u:gbhgguckhklZ\bah[jZ`Z_lky\ffhev
-
ijhp_glZogZgb`
g_cihemiehkdhklbdjm]Zke_\ZgZijZ\h\\b^_k_dlhjh\\ke_^m xs_fihjy^d_
HCO
3
-
; SO
4
2-
; Cl
-
;
dZlbhgguc
–
gZ \_jog_c \ ke_^mxs_f ihjy^d_
Ca
2+
; Mg
2+
;
(Na
+
+ K
+
)
 Ijhp_gl
-
ffhevgh_ kh^_j`Zgb_ bhgh\ hldeZ^u\Z_lky \ ]jZ^mkghf
\ujZ`_gbb
=jZnbd-d\Z^jZlGBLheklbobgZ
<_kvfZm^h[guc]jZnbq_kdbckihkh[^eykbkl_fZlbaZpbb[hevrh]h]b^
jhobfbq_kdh]hfZl_jbZeZ[ueij_^eh`_gGBLheklbobguf\]=jZnbd
ij_^klZ\ey_lkh[hcd\Z^jZldZ`^ZyklhjhgZdhlhjh]hjZa^_e_gZgZjZ\guo
qZkl_cihffhev
-
<_kvd\Z^jZljZa^_e_ggZfZe_gvdbod\Z^jZlh\Ih
]hjbahglZevguf klhjhgZf d\Z^jZlZ hldeZ^u\Z_lky dhebq_kl\h dZlbhgh\\
ffhev
-
k\_jomkijZ\ZgZe_\h
Na
+
+ K
+
kgbamke_\ZgZijZ\h
– Ca
2+
+ Mg
2+
.
Ih
\_jlbdZevgufklhjhgZfhldeZ^u\Z_lkydhebq_kl\hZgbhgh\ihe_\hcklhjhg_
kgbam\\_jo
– HCO
3
-
ih ijZ\hcklhjhg_k\_jom\gba
– SO
4
2-
+ Cl
-
.
DZ`^ZylhqdZ
\gmljbd\Z^jZlZbf__ldhhj^bgZluhl\_qZxsb_kh^_j`Zgbx
Na
+
+ K
+
, Ca
2+
+
Mg
2+
, HCO
3
-
, SO
4
2-
+ Cl
-
\ffhev
-
gZc^_gguoZgZebahfIheh`_gb_ZgZebaZ
gZd\Z^jZl_hij_^_ey_lkyi_j_k_q_gb_f^\mohk_cdhhj^bgZl
GZijbf_j^eyZgZebaZaZibkZggh]h\\b^_nhjfmeuDmjeh\Z
152560
12
4
29
3
59
)KNa(MgCa
ClSOHCO
+
,
bf__fihhkbhj^bgZl
HCO
3
-
- 59 %-
ffhevihhkbZ[kpbkk
Na
+
+ K
+
) - 15 %-
ffhev>eym^h[kl\Zkbkl_fZlbaZpbbj_dhf_g^m_lkyhij_^_eylvghf_j\h^u<
gZr_fkemqZ_
– 42.
HP?GD:<H>U>EYIJ:DLBQ?KDH=HBKIHEVAH<:GBY
>ey hp_gdb iblv_\uo \h^ bkihevamxl ^Zggu_ h nbabq_kdbo k\hckl\Zo
\h^uaZiZo p\_l l_fi_jZlmjZ Ijb hp_gd_ obfbq_kdh]h khklZ\Z \h^u h[jZ
sZxl \gbfZgb_ \h
-
i_j\uo gZ lh qlh[u dhgp_gljZpby hkgh\guo we_f_glh\
kh^_j`Zsboky\\h^_
Cl
-
,
SO
4
2-
,
Na
+
, Mg
2+
b^jg_ij_\urZeZba\_klgh]hij_
^_eZ \ujZ`_ggh]h ml\_j`^_gguf =HKLhf ^ey iblv_\uo \h^ \h
-
\lhjuo gZ
kh^_j`Zgb_we_f_glh\mdZau\ZxsbogZaZ]jyag_gb_\h^u
NH
4
+
, NO
3
-
, NO
2
-
b
^j\
-
lj_lvbogZkh^_j`Zgb_fbdjhdhfihg_glh\\j_^gh\ebyxsbogZa^hjh
\v_q_eh\_dZb[Zdl_jbheh]bq_kdbckhklZ\\h^udhlhjuc^he`_g[ulv\ij_^_
eZoghjfuIjbgylhkqblZlvqlh\\h^_ij_^gZagZq_gghc^eyiblv_\uop_e_c
fh`_l [ulv ^hims_gh ke_^mxs__ kh^_j`Zgb_ hkgh\guo obfbq_kdbo dhfih
g_glh\=HKL
-84): 
                                          17

      :gZeba \h^u m^h[gh ij_^klZ\eylv \ \b^_ ]jZnbdZ – ijyfhm]hevgbdZ
H[uqghbkihevamxl^\Zijyfhm]hevgbdZGZijyfhm]hevgbd_jZkiheh`_gghf
ke_\Z kgbam \\_jo hldeZ^u\Zxl ffhev-ijhp_glgh_ kh^_j`Zgb_ dZlbhgh\ GZ
ijyfhm]hevgbd_ jZkiheh`_gghf kijZ\Z – bah[jZ`Zxl ffhev-ijhp_glgh_ kh
^_j`Zgb_Zgbhgh\\ihjy^d_bom[u\Zxs_cZdlb\ghklb<kmff_dZ`^ucijy
fhm]hevgbdij_^klZ\ey_l-wd\
      =jZnbq_kdbbah[jZ`ZlvZgZebafh`ghkihfhsvxdjm]-^bZ]jZffuGB
LheklbobgZJZ^bmkdjm]Z\aZ^ZgghffZkrlZ[_hljZ`Z_l\_ebqbgmh[s_cfb
g_jZebaZpbb\h^u:gbhgguckhklZ\bah[jZ`Z_lky\ffhev-ijhp_glZogZgb`
g_cihemiehkdhklbdjm]Zke_\ZgZijZ\h\\b^_k_dlhjh\\ke_^mxs_fihjy^d_
HCO3-; SO42-; Cl-; dZlbhgguc – gZ \_jog_c \ ke_^mxs_f ihjy^d_ Ca2+; Mg2+;
(Na+ + K+) Ijhp_gl-ffhevgh_ kh^_j`Zgb_ bhgh\ hldeZ^u\Z_lky \ ]jZ^mkghf
\ujZ`_gbb

                          =jZnbd-d\Z^jZlGBLheklbobgZ
      <_kvfZm^h[guc]jZnbq_kdbckihkh[^eykbkl_fZlbaZpbb[hevrh]h]b^
jhobfbq_kdh]hfZl_jbZeZ[ueij_^eh`_gGBLheklbobguf\]=jZnbd
ij_^klZ\ey_lkh[hcd\Z^jZldZ`^ZyklhjhgZdhlhjh]hjZa^_e_gZgZjZ\guo
qZkl_c ihffhev- <_kvd\Z^jZljZa^_e_ggZfZe_gvdbod\Z^jZlh\Ih
]hjbahglZevguf klhjhgZf d\Z^jZlZ hldeZ^u\Z_lky dhebq_kl\h dZlbhgh\ \
ffhev- k\_jomkijZ\ZgZe_\hNa+ + K+kgbamke_\ZgZijZ\h– Ca2+ + Mg2+.Ih
\_jlbdZevgufklhjhgZfhldeZ^u\Z_lkydhebq_kl\hZgbhgh\ihe_\hcklhjhg_
kgbam\\_jo– HCO3-ihijZ\hcklhjhg_k\_jom\gba– SO42- + Cl-.DZ`^ZylhqdZ
\gmljbd\Z^jZlZbf__ldhhj^bgZluhl\_qZxsb_kh^_j`ZgbxNa+ + K+, Ca2+ +
Mg2+, HCO3-, SO42- + Cl- \ffhev-gZc^_gguoZgZebahf Iheh`_gb_ZgZebaZ
gZd\Z^jZl_hij_^_ey_lkyi_j_k_q_gb_f^\mohk_cdhhj^bgZl
      GZijbf_j^eyZgZebaZaZibkZggh]h\\b^_nhjfmeuDmjeh\Z
                                HCO 359     SO 429      Cl 12
                                                                 ,
                              Ca 60     Mg 25      ( Na + K ) 15
bf__fihhkbhj^bgZlHCO3- - 59 %-ffhevihhkbZ[kpbkk Na+ + K+) - 15 %-
ffhev>eym^h[kl\Zkbkl_fZlbaZpbbj_dhf_g^m_lkyhij_^_eylvghf_j\h^u<
gZr_fkemqZ_– 42.

       HP?GD:U>EYIJ:DLBQ?KDH=HBKIHEVAH<:GBY
       >ey hp_gdb iblv_\uo \h^ bkihevamxl ^Zggu_ h nbabq_kdbo k\hckl\Zo
\h^u aZiZo p\_l l_fi_jZlmjZ  Ijb hp_gd_ obfbq_kdh]h khklZ\Z \h^u h[jZ
sZxl \gbfZgb_ \h-i_j\uo gZ lh qlh[u dhgp_gljZpby hkgh\guo we_f_glh\
kh^_j`Zsboky\\h^_ Cl-, SO42-, Na+, Mg2+ b^j g_ij_\urZeZba\_klgh]hij_
^_eZ \ujZ`_ggh]h ml\_j`^_gguf =HKLhf ^ey iblv_\uo \h^ \h-\lhjuo gZ
kh^_j`Zgb_we_f_glh\mdZau\ZxsbogZaZ]jyag_gb_\h^u NH4+, NO3-, NO2-b
^j \-lj_lvbogZkh^_j`Zgb_fbdjhdhfihg_glh\\j_^gh\ebyxsbogZa^hjh
\v_q_eh\_dZb[Zdl_jbheh]bq_kdbckhklZ\\h^udhlhjuc^he`_g[ulv\ij_^_
eZoghjfuIjbgylhkqblZlvqlh\\h^_ij_^gZagZq_gghc^eyiblv_\uop_e_c
fh`_l [ulv ^hims_gh ke_^mxs__ kh^_j`Zgb_ hkgh\guo obfbq_kdbo dhfih
g_glh\ =HKL-84):

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