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Text 2. Body modification
Body modification (or body alteration) is the permanent or semi-permanent deliberate
altering of the human body for non-medical reasons, such as spiritual or aesthetic. It can
range from the socially acceptable decoration (e.g., pierced ears on women in many
societies) to the rebellious (e.g., nostril piercings in punk subculture). Opponents of these
practices call them disfigurement or mutilation.
Nearly every human society practices or has practiced some type of body modification
in its broadest definition, from Maori tattoos to Victorian corsets to modern breast implants.
One controversial form of body modification is the attempt to resemble another race,
s uch as As ians having their epicanthic folds modified to resemble Caucas ian eyes or skin
lightened with dyes, or African-Americans straightening their hair or getting a nose job.
"Disfigurement" and "mutilation" are terms used by opponents of body modification to
describe certain types of modifications, especially non-consensual ones. Those terms are
used fairly uncontroversially to describe the victims of torture, who have endured damage to
ears, eyes, feet, genitalia, hands, noses, teeth, and/or tongues, including amputation,
burning, flagellation, piercing, skinning, and wheeling.
Body art is body modification for artistic reasons.
So me futuris ts believe that eventually humans will purs ue body modification for
technological reasons, with permanently implanted devices to enhance mental and physical
capabilities , thereby becoming cyborgs . For the s ubs tantial number of people with heart
pacemakers and brain implants such as cochlear implants and electrical brain stimulators for
Parkinson's disease, this is already a reality.
S ome ty pe s o f bo dy m o di fi c ati o n
• body piercing
• tattooing
• branding and other scarification
• "Extreme" surgical body modification
• bodybuilding
• corsetry, Tightlacing
• foot binding and etc.
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