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nipple piercing and that soldiers attached their capes to the piercings. There is some debate
about this as it is much more plausable that capes may have been hung from rings attached
to their armor.
Piercing in industrialized civilizations
In the United States, ear piercing for females was long the only common piercing.
Other body piercings were popularized by Jim Ward and his piercing shop, The Gauntlet,
which opened in 1975 in Los Angeles. Since piercing has become more common and
widespread, many new piercings have been developed that do not have a history or
precedent.
So me regard body piercing as a kind of artistic expression, others as a form of sexual
expression.
Text 4. Dandy
A da n dy is a man who rejects bourgeois values, devotes particular attention to his
physical appearance, refines his language, and cultivates his hobbies. A dandy emulates
aristocratic values, often without being an aristocrat himself, thus such a dandy is a form of
snob. The practice of dan dyi s m was a counter-cultural habit that began in the revolutionary
1790s both in London and Paris.
The word dandy (of unknown origin) was a vogue word during the Napoleonic Wars.
(It did make an early appearance in a Scottish border ballad about 1780, but probably not
with its usual meaning.) The very model of the dandy in British society was George Bryan
"Beau" Brummell (1778-1840), an associate of the Prince Regent: unpowdered,
unperfumed, immaculately bathed and shaved, in a plain dark blue coat, perfectly brushed,
of perfect fit, showing a lot of perfectly starched linens, perfectly freshly laundered, he was
an early celebrity from the mid-1790s, famous chiefly for being a laconic wit and a clothes-
horse. Brummell inherited a fortune of thirty thousand pounds, which he spent mostly on
costume and high living, until he suffered the typical fate of the dandy, and fled from his
creditors to France, and ultimately died in a lunatic asylum.
During his heyday, though, Brummell's dicta on fashion and etiquette reigned s upreme.
Brummell's habits of dress and fashion were much imitated, especially in France where, in
an unusual mixture, they became especially the rage in bohemian quarters. People of more
notable accomplishments than Brummell adopted the pose as well; George Gordon Byron,
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