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universities are highly status-conscious and are generally sorted by prestige based on their
selectivity in admissions (the lower the percent admitted, the better).
It is universally agreed that the most prestigious universities are the private universities
that belong to the Ivy League athletic conference on the East Coast. For better or worse,
their alumni dominate American business, media, and government. They also constitute a
large part of the faculties at most other universities. Less than 10-15% of those who apply
are allowed in.
Next in line are a small group of elite private universities scattered around the country.
After them come the top land-grant public universities, and then the vast majority of public
and private universities, colleges, and technical schools. At the bottom are community
colleges, which by law are usually required to accept all local residents who seek to attend.
Text 2. Uni vers ity
A uni versity is an institution of higher education and of research, which grants
academic degrees. A university provides both tertiary and quaternary education. University
is derived from the Latin universitas, meaning corpo ration since the first medieval
European universities were simply groups of scholars.
Arguably the firs t western univers ity was the Academy founded in 387 BC by the
Greek philosopher Plato in the grove of Academos near Athens, where students were taught
philosophy, mathematics and gymnastics.
About a thousand years later, institutions bearing a resemblance to the modern
university existed in Persia and the Islamic world, notably the Academy of Gundishapur and
later als o Al Azhar univers ity in Cairo, which remains the oldest operating univers ity in the
world. One of the most important Asian universities, next to the Persian Academy of
Gundishapur, was Nalanda, in Bihar, India, where the second century Buddhist philosopher
Nagarjuna was based.
In the Carolingian period a famous academy was created by Charlemagne for the
purpose of educating the children of aristocrats to help train the professionals needed to run
an empire. It was a foreshadow of the rise of the University in the 11th century.
The first European medieval universities were established in Bologna (Italy) and Paris
(France) in the Middle Ages for the study of law, medicine, and theology.
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