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professional is usually licensed and regulated by a particular quasi-governmental
organization, such as a bar association. To get a license, the professional must receive
certain education (such as graduating from medical school), and pass further examinations
and/or apprenticeships. Professionals are also subject to discipline, including revocation of
their license, if they breach the standards set out by the governing organization. People
without licenses are usually prohibited by law from engaging in those activities practiced by
professionals.
There is no standard definition of a modern professional, however. Beyond the classical
examples (lawyers, doctors, etc.) there are many groups that claim status as a profession,
and many who would dispute that status. The existence of a traceable historical record of
notable members of the profession can serve as an indicator of a profession. Often, these
historic professionals have become well known to laypersons outside the field, for example,
Clarence Darrow (law), Edward Jenner (medicine), and Florence Nightingale (nursing). In
modern times, however, there is no standard definition.
Text 3. Employment
Empl oyment is a contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other
being the employee. In a commercial setting, the employer conceives of a productive
activity, generally with the intention of creating profits, and the employee contributes labour
to the enterprise, usually in return for payment of wages.
Employment also exists in the public, nonprofit and household sectors.
In the United States, the "standard" employment contract is considered to be at-will
meaning that the employer and employee are both free to terminate the employment at any
time and for any cause, or for no cause at all.
To the extent that employment or the economic equivalent is not universal,
unemployment exists.
Employment is almost univers al in capitalis t societies. Opponents of capitalis m s uch as
Marxists oppose the capitalist employment system, considering it to be unfair that the
people who contribute the majority of work to an organization do not receive a
proportionate share of the profit. However, the surrealist movement is one of the few groups
to actually oppose work, and during the partially s urrealist-influenced events of May 1968
the walls of the Sorbonne were covered with anti-work graffiti.
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