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An individual who entirely owns the business for which he labours is known as self-
employed, although if a self-employed individual has only one client for whom he performs
work, he may be considered an employee of that client for tax purposes.
Workers who are not paid wages, such as volunteers, are generally not considered as
being employed.
Someone who works under a threat of physical force is known as a slave and
slaveowners are also not considered employers. Some historians suggest that slavery is
older than employment, but both arrangements have existed for all recorded history.
Text 4. Detectives and their work
In most American police departments, a candidate for detective must have served as a
uniformed officer for a period of one to five years before becoming qualified for the
position. Prospective British police detectives must have completed two years as a
uniformed officer before applying to join the Criminal Investigation Department. In
European police systems, most detectives are university graduates who join directly from
civilian life without first serving as uniformed officers. In fact, many European police
experts cannot understand why British, American and Commonwealth police forces insist
on recruiting their detectives from the ranks of uniformed officers, arguing that they do a
completely different job and therefore require completely different training, qualifications,
qualities and abilities . The oppos ing argument is that without previous s ervice as a
uniformed patrol officer a detective cannot have a great enough command of standard police
procedures and problems and will find it difficult to work with uniformed colleagues .
Detectives obtain their position by competitive examination, covering such subjects as:
• Principles, practices, and procedures of investigations
• Principles, practices, and procedures of interviewing and interrogation
• Local criminal law and procedures
• Applicable law governing arrests, search and seizures, warrants, and evidence
• Police department records and reports
• Principles, practices and objectives of courtroom testimony
• Police department methods and procedures
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