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141
Private detectives are licensed by the state in which they live after passing a
competitive examination and a criminal background check. Some states, such as Maryland,
require a period of classroom training as well.
Detectives have a wide variety of techniques available in conducting investigations.
However, the majority of cases are solved by interrogation of suspects and witnesses, which
takes time. In a policeman's career as a uniformed officer and as a detective, a detective
develops an intuitive s ense of the plaus ibility of s uspect and witness accounts . This intuition
may fail at times, but usually is reliable.
Besides interrogations, detectives may rely on a network of informants he or she has
cultivated over the years. Informants often have connections with persons a detective would
not be able to approach formally.
In criminal investigations, once a detective has a suspect or suspects in mind, the next
s tep is to produce evidence that will s tand up in a court of law. The bes t way is to obtain a
confession from the suspect, usually in exchange for a plea bargain for a lesser sentence. A
detective may lie or otherwise mislead and may psychologically pressure a suspect into
confessing, though in the United States a suspect may invoke his or her Miranda rights.
Physical forensic evidence in an investigation may provide leads to closing a case.
Examples of physical evidence can be, but are not limited to:
• Fingerprinting of objects persons have touched
• DNA analysis
• Luminol to detect blood stains that have been washed
• Footprints or tire tracks
• Chemical testing for the presence of narcotics or expended gun propellant
• The exact position of objects at the scene of an investigation
Many major police departments in a city, county, or state, and the Federal Bureau of
Investigation, maintain their own forensic laboratories.
Detectives may use public and private records to provide background information on a
subject. These include:
• Fingerprint records. In the United States, the FBI maintains records of people who
have committed felonies and some misdemeanors, all persons who have applied for a
Federal security clearance, and all persons who have served in the U.S. armed forces
• Records of criminal arrests and convictions
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