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52
emotions, and the spirit (Shen). There are different schools of thought within TCM theory,
including Five Element theory and Zang Fu theory. TCM has a unique model of the body
which is different from the models in other traditions. TCM utilizes numerous techniques or
healing modalities to achieve the desired balance of Yin and Yang as well as Qi, Blood, Jing
(Body Fluids), and Shen (Mind/Spirit). These include, e.g. Acupuncture, Herbology,
Nutrition or food therapy, Qigong exercises and Medical qigong, Acupressure, and various
styles of massage.
In the West, TCM is often considered alternative medicine, while in both Mainland
China and on Taiwan, TCM is widely considered to be an integral part of the health care
system. (The term TCM is sometimes used specifically within the field of Chinese Medicine
to refer to the standardized set of theories and practices introduced in the mid-20th century
under the government of Mao, as distinguished from other theories and practices such as
Worsley's Five Element Acupuncture or the kyo/jitsu theory of Shizuto Masunaga's Zen
shiatsu. However we use the more general sense here.)
TCM developed as a form of pre-modern therapeutic intervention (also described as
folk medicine) or traditional medicine, rooted in ancient religious belief systems. Chines e
medical practitioners before the 19th century relied essentially on observation, trial and
error. Like their counterparts in the West, they had a very different understanding of
infection which predated the discovery of bacteria, viruses (germ theory of disease) or
cellular structures and little knowledge of organic chemistry, relying mainly on a medical
theory des cribing the nature of infections and remedies as well as tradition to guide their
courses of treatment.
Unlike these other forms of traditional medicine which have largely become extinct,
traditional Chinese medicine continues as a distinct branch of modern medical practice, and
within China, it is an important part of the public health care system. There are thousands of
years of empirical knowledge about TCM on its own terms, and in recent decades there has
been an effort to place traditional Chinese medicine on a firmer Western scientific empirical
and methodological basis as well as efforts to integrate Chinese and Western medical
traditions.
That this effort has occurred is surprising to many for a number of reasons. In most of
the world, indigenous medical practices have been supplanted by practices brought from the
West, while in Chinese societies, this has not occurred and shows no sign of occurring.
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