Тематический сборник текстов для чтения (английский язык). Соснина Е.П - 75 стр.

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75
Mike Nichols once remarked in a workshop that all he wanted to do when he rehearsed
a scene was to figure out, with the actors, what to do in a scene so that the scene seemed
very simple -- in spite of the myriad psychological complexities that were evident. In
ess ence, said this director, he wanted the actors to think 'All I have to do is -- this .' A
deceptively simple statement, as a simple action is deceptively simple but it can stay in one's
me mory for a lifetime.
Text 3. Graffiti
The term graffiti is the plural of graffito, although the singular form is less commonly
used. Both words have been borrowed from the Italian language, and along with the English
word "graphic", are in turn derived from the Greek γραφειν (graphein), meaning to write. In
its modern day use, refers to deliberate human markings on property. Graffiti can take the
form of art, drawings , or words , and is often illegal, es pecially when done without the
property owner's consent.
Graffiti originally was the term used for inscriptions, figure drawings, etc., found on
the walls of ancient sepulchers or ruins, as in the Catacombs, or at Pompeii. But it has
evolved to include any decorations inscribed on any surface that are considered to be
vandalism or pictures or writing placed on surfaces, usually outside walls and sidewalks,
without the permission of the owner. Thus, inscriptions made by the authors of a monument
are not considered graffiti.
The (believed to be) first example of "modern" graffiti is found in the ancient Greek
city of Ephesus in modern day Turkey and appears to be an advertisement for prostitution,
according to the tour guides of the city. It is found near the long mosaic and stone walk way.
It consists of a handprint, a vaguely heart-like shape, a footprint and a number. It is believed
that this indicates how many steps one would have to take to find a lover with the handprint
indicating payment.
The Romans carved graffiti into both their own walls and monuments and there are
also, for instance, Egyptian ones. The graffiti carved on the walls of Pompeii were
preserved by the eruption of Vesuvius and offer us a direct insight into street life: everyday
Latin, insults, magic, love declarations, political consigns. One example has even been
found that stated "Cave Canem", which translates as "Beware of Dog".

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