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Some graffiti may be local or regional in nature, such as wall tagging in Southern
California by gangs such as the Bloods and the Crips. The name Cool "Disco" Dan
(including the quotation marks) tends to be commonly seen in the Washington, DC area.
Another famous graffiti in the DC Metro area was found on the outer loop of the beltway on
a railroad bridge near the Mormon temple as seen here. Its simple scrawl "Surrender
Dorothy" summoned visions of the Emerald City of Oz and has remained on the bridge for
nearly 30 years off and on. Arriving sometime in late 1973 pressure from the Temple has
had it removed, only to reappear. This "giraffiti" was so well known among the mormon
community that it was often mentioned by name in their newsletters as an example of being
misunderstood.
Ever since The Beatles recorded there in the 1960s, the wall in front of Abbey Road
Studios, London has been a favorite spot for Beatles-related graffiti, left in various
languages by visitors from all over the world. The studio makes no attemt to stop this
graffiti, and has the wall repainted regularly to provide a fresh surface for inscriptions.
Theories and use of graffiti by avant-garde artists has a history dating at least to the
Scandinavian Institute of Comparative Vandalism in 1961.
This construction scaffolding has been "tagged".
Some of those who practice graffiti art are keen to distance themselves from gang
graffiti. There are differences in both form and intent. The purpose of graffiti art is self-
expression and creativity, and may involve highly stylized letter forms drawn with markers,
or cryptic and colorful spray paint murals on walls, buildings, and even freight trains.
Graffiti artists strive to improve their art, which is constantly changing and progressing. The
purpose of gang graffiti, on the other hand, is to mark territorial boundaries, and is therefore
limited to a gang's neighborhood; it does not presuppose artistic intent.
Text 4. Musical theater
Musical theater (or theatre) is a form of theater combining music, songs, dance, and
spoken dialogue. It is closely related to opera, frequently being distinguished by the use of
popular music of various forms (and thus usually different instrumentation), the use of
unaccompanied dialogue (though some musicals are entirely accompanied, such as Les
Misйrables, and some operas have spoken dialogue, such as Carmen), and the avoidance of
many operatic conventions.
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