Традиции, обычаи и праздники Китая (Traditions, Customs and Festivals of China). Сухомлинова С.И - 34 стр.

UptoLike

ВУЗ: 

ДВФУ | Владивосток

Составители: 

Рубрика: 

33
both sides with gold-painted dragons playing with balls. It is said that
the twelve were chosen out of 160 pieces made at the time by the jade
carvers of Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, involving 90,000 workdays and
untold costs.
Chime of Bell
To make the chime of bells, an important metal instrument in ancient
times, bronze was invariably used for the best acoustic effect. Early
bells, called yongzhong, are rather flat in shape and very much like
two concave tiles joined face to face. Later, however, people stressed
the beauty of their shape and gave them a more and more round body,
at the expense of the tonal qualities.
It seems that there was no fixed number of bells for each chime.
Judging by those unearthed to date, a chime may be simple, consisting
of 3, 6 or 9 bells, or very complicated, with 13, 14, 16 or as many as
36 bells.
The most elaborate ancient bianzhong, a set of 65 bells, was
unearthed in 1978 in Suixian County, Hubei Province, from the tomb
of the Marquis of Zeng dating from the Warring States Period (475-
221 A.N.).
Their total weight is over 2,500 kilograms, and they were found
hung on a three-tiered rack. The biggest of the bells has an overall
height of 53.4 centimetres and a weight of 203.6 kilograms. The
whole chime, unprecedented discovery in the history of musical
archaeology, is considered to be the largest musical instrument ever
brought to light – not only in China but in the world as a whole.
Although buried underground for over 2,400 years, the bells still
produce fine tones. Ancient and modern music, including tunes from
Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony, revived ancient tunes of the Tang
Dynasty and theme tunes of modern Chinese operas, has been played
on them with satisfying results.
Careful study of the bells has revealed that they were cast
according to the 7-tone scale with 5 semitones in between, completing
a well-integrated system of 12 tones. The scale of the world chime
agrees with the modern 7-tone scale in N major, and its range covers 5
octaves, just two octaves less than the modern piano. What is more
amazing, each bell can produce two different tones, a unique feature
in percussion instruments.
An inscription of 2,500 characters engraved on the bells tells of
the musical theories and the names of the tones prevalent at the time 
bot h s ides w it h go ld-pa inted dra go ns pla ying w it h ba lls. It is said t hat
the twe lve we re chose n o ut o f 160 pieces made at t he t ime b y t he jade
carve rs o f Suz ho u, J ia ngs u Pro vinc e, invo lving 90,000 workda ys a nd
unto ld costs.
                                  C hime of Bell
To make t he chi me o f be lls, an i mporta nt meta l instru me nt in a nc ie nt
ti mes, bro nze was invariab ly used for t he best aco ust ic e ffect. Earl y
bells, ca lled yongzhong, a re ra t her flat in s hape a nd ve ry muc h like
two conca ve t iles jo ine d face to face. Later, howe ver, peop le stressed
the bea ut y o f t he ir s hape and ga ve the m a mo re and more ro und bod y,
at the e xpe nse o f the to na l q ua lit ies .
       It see ms t hat t here was no fixed numbe r o f be lls fo r eac h c hi me.
Jud ging b y t hose uneart hed t o date, a chi me ma y be s imp le, co ns ist ing
o f 3, 6 or 9 bells, or ve ry co mp lica ted, wit h 13, 14, 16 or as ma ny as
36 bells.
       The most e labora te a nc ie nt bianz hong, a set o f 65 be lls, was
unea rt hed in 1978 in Suixia n Co unty, Hube i Pro vince, fro m t he to mb
o f t he Marq uis o f Ze ng dat ing fro m t he Warring States Pe riod (475 -
221 A.N.).
       The ir tota l we ight is o ve r 2,500 k ilo gra ms, a nd t he y we re fo un d
hung o n a t hree-t iered rack. The biggest o f t he bells has an o ve ra ll
he ight o f 5 3.4 ce nt i me tres a nd a weight o f 2 03.6 k ilo gra ms. The
who le c hime, unprecede nted d isc ove ry in t he his tory o f mus ica l
archaeo lo gy, is co ns ide red to be t he la rgest mus ica l instru me nt e ve r
bro ught to light – not o nly in C hina but in t he world as a whole.
       Alt ho ugh b uried undergro und for o ver 2,400 years, the be lls st il l
prod uce fine t o nes. Anc ie nt a nd modern mus ic, inc lud ing t unes fro m
Beet ho ve n’s N int h Sy mp ho ny, re vive d a nc ie nt t unes o f t he Ta ng
Dynast y a nd t he me t unes o f mode rn C hinese operas, has bee n p la yed
on t he m w it h satis fying res ults.
       Care ful st ud y o f t he be lls has revea led t hat t he y were cas t
accord ing to t he 7-to ne scale w it h 5 se mito nes in betwee n, co mp le t ing
a we ll-inte grated s yste m o f 1 2 to n es. The sca le o f t he wo rld c hi me
agrees w it h t he modern 7 -to ne scale in N maj or, and its ra nge co vers 5
octaves, just two octa ves less tha n the modern p ia no. What is more
a maz ing, eac h be ll ca n prod uce t w o d iffe re nt to nes, a uniq ue feat ure
in perc uss io n inst rume nts.
       An insc ript io n o f 2,500 c ha racters engra ved o n t he be lls te lls o f
the mus ica l t heories a nd t he na mes o f t he to nes p re va le nt at t he t ime


                                         33

Страницы