Практикум по общей химии на базе компьютерной лаборатории "L-микро". Сушкова Т.П - 10 стр.

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Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ʋ 3
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ȼɚɧɬ-Ƚɨɮɮɚ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɨɞɢɞ-ɢɨɧɚ
ȼɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ! Ɋɚɛɨɬɭ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ʋ 2, ɢɛɨ
ɨɧɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ.
ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɡɚɜɢ-
ɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɣɨɞɚ,
ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ʋ 1. ȿɫɥɢ ɪɚ-
ɛɨɬɚ ʋ 1 ɧɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɥɚɫɶ, ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɜɵɞɚɟɬ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚɦ ɝɨɬɨ-
ɜɵɣ ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ.
Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ.
ɉɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɨɩɢɫɵ-
ɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨɦ ȼɚɧɬ-Ƚɨɮɮɚ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɵɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɶ ɝɪɚɞɭɫɨɜ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɜ 2–4
ɪɚɡɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɢ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ
v
2
/ v
1
= J
77
1
ɝɞɟ v
1
– ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ T
,
v
2
– ɬɨ ɠɟ ɩɪɢ T
2
,
J – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ȼɚɧɬ-Ƚɨɮɮɚ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɫ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɣ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ, ɷɬɨɬ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɨɬ 2 ɞɨ 4, ɯɨɬɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ȼɚɧɬ-Ƚɨɮɮɚ,
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɢ ɩɨɞ-
ɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɵɲɟɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ.
ɐɟɥɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ȼɚɧɬ-Ƚɨɮɮɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɨɞɢɞ-ɢɨɧɚ
ɩɟɪɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɨɦ 2KI + K
2
S
2
O
8
= I
2
+ 2K
2
SO
4
(ɢɥɢ ɜ ɢɨɧɧɨ-ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ
-
ɮɨɪɦɟ: 2I + S
2
0
8
2-
= I
2
+ 2SɈ
4
2-
).
Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ.
Ʉɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪ ɫ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɛɥɨɤɨɦ; ɞɚɬɱɢɤ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ
525 ɧɦ; ɬɟɪɦɨɞɚɬɱɢɤ; ɤɸɜɟɬɚ; ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɚɹ ɦɟɲɚɥɤɚ; ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɥɢɬɤɚ; ɬɟɪɦɨ-
ɫɬɨɣɤɢɣ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɱɢɤ ɧɚ 100 ɢɥɢ 150 ɦɥ; ɦɟɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɥɛɚ ɧɚ 100 ɦɥ; ɲɩɪɢɰɵ ɧɚ
20 ɢ 5 ɦɥ.
Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ.
Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɄI 0.1ɆɢɄ
2
S
2
Ɉ
8
0.1Ɇ, ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ.
19
ɉɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
Ʉ ɩɟɪɜɨɦɭ ɤɚɧɚɥɭ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɥɨɤɚ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɞɚɬɱɢɤ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚ-
ɬɭɪɵ, ɤɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦɭ – ɞɚɬɱɢɤ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ 525 ɧɦ. ɇɚ «ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ
ɫɬɨɥɟ» ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɚɩɤɭ «ɉɪɚɤɬɢɤɭɦ ɩɨ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɯɢɦɢɢ», ɡɚɬɟɦ
ɮɚɣɥ «L-Micro: ɏɢɦɢɹ.ɟɯɟ». ȼ ɦɟɧɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ «L-Micro: ɏɢɦɢɹ» ɜɵɛɢ-
ɪɚɸɬ ɩɭɧɤɬ «Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɨɞɢɞ-ɢɨɧɚ ɨɬ ɬɟɦ-
ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ».
ɏɨɞ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ.
ɇɚ ɫɭɯɭɸ ɤɸɜɟɬɭ ɧɚɞɟɜɚɸɬ ɞɚɬɱɢɤ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɧɚ
ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɭɸ ɦɟɲɚɥɤɭ, ɩɨɝɪɭɠɚɸɬ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɚɬɱɢɤ ɢ ɹɤɨɪɶ ɦɟɲɚɥɤɢ.
Ɉɬɦɟɪɹɸɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɲɩɪɢɰɚ 20 ɦɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɄI 0.1Ɇ, ɩɟɪɟɥɢɜɚɸɬ
ɟɝɨ ɜ ɦɟɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɧɚ 100 ɦɥ ɢ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ ɞɢɫɬɢɥ-
ɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ. ɉɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ, ɩɨɤɚɱɢɜɚɹ ɤɨɥɛɭ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜɵɥɢ-
ɜɚɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɤɸɜɟɬɭ (ɧɟ ɫɞɜɢɝɚɬɶ ɞɚɬɱɢɤ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ!) ɢ ɧɚɫɬɪɚɢ-
ɜɚɸɬ ɞɚɬɱɢɤ (ɫɦ. ɫ. 6).
Ɉɬɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɲɩɪɢɰɟɦ 5 ɦɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ Ʉ
2
S
2
Ɉ
8
, ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɜɵɥɢɜɚɸɬ
ɟɝɨ ɜ ɤɸɜɟɬɭ (ɤɨɧɱɢɤ ɢɝɥɵ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɧɟ ɨɩɭɫɤɚɬɶ!) ɢ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ (ɞɥɹ ɱɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧɟ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɸɬ
ɨɤɧɨ «ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ»);
ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɸɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ 2 ɦɢɧɭɬɵ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɜ
ɮɚɣɥ. Ʉɸɜɟɬɭ ɫ ɹɤɨɪɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɣ ɦɟɲɚɥɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɚɬɱɢɤ ɨɩɨɥɚɫɤɢ-
ɜɚɸɬ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɪɚɸɬ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɨɣ.
Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɸɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜ ɦɟɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɧɚ 100 ɦɥ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 20 ɦɥ ɄI 0.1Ɇ ɢ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ
ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɩɟɪɟɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɨɣ-
ɤɢɣ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɱɢɤ, ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɥɢɬɤɭ ɢ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɚɸɬ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɚɬ-
ɱɢɤ. ɀɞɭɬ, ɩɨɤɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɧɚɝɪɟɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɧɚ 10–12 °ɋ ɩɪɟɜɵ-
ɲɚɸɳɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɟ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɚɬɱɢɤ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɤɸɜɟɬɭ, ɜɵɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɬɭɞɚ ɠɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɱɢɤɚ ɢ
ɧɚɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɸɬ ɞɚɬɱɢɤ. Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɟ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ
ɦɟɲɚɥɤɭ, ɨɬɛɢɪɚɸɬ 5 ɦɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ Ʉ
2
S
2
Ɉ
8
, ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɜɵɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɤɸɜɟɬɭ,
ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ. ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɸɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ
2 ɦɢɧɭɬɵ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɜ ɮɚɣɥ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ 1–2 ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨ-
ɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ, ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɹ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, 60 °ɋ (ɜɨ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɧɢɟ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ
ɤɸɜɟɬɵ).
Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ.
– Ɏɚɣɥɵ ɫ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ ȿɯɫɟl. ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɫɬɨɥ-
ɛɟɰ ɜ ɧɢɯ – ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɜɬɨɪɨɣ – ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɬɪɟɬɢɣ – ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ. ȼ
ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɵɣ ɫɬɨɥɛɟɰ ɜɜɨɞɹɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɣɨɞɚ (ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɬɟɤɭɳɟ-
20
                                Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ʋ 3
                                                                                                               ɉɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
              Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ȼɚɧɬ-Ƚɨɮɮɚ                                                              Ʉ ɩɟɪɜɨɦɭ ɤɚɧɚɥɭ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɥɨɤɚ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɞɚɬɱɢɤ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚ-
                  ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɨɞɢɞ-ɢɨɧɚ                                                             ɬɭɪɵ, ɤɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦɭ – ɞɚɬɱɢɤ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ 525 ɧɦ. ɇɚ «ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ
                                                                                                           ɫɬɨɥɟ» ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɚɩɤɭ «ɉɪɚɤɬɢɤɭɦ ɩɨ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɯɢɦɢɢ», ɡɚɬɟɦ
      ȼɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ! Ɋɚɛɨɬɭ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ʋ 2, ɢɛɨ                                         ɮɚɣɥ «L-Micro: ɏɢɦɢɹ.ɟɯɟ». ȼ ɦɟɧɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ «L-Micro: ɏɢɦɢɹ» ɜɵɛɢ-
      ɨɧɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ.                                          ɪɚɸɬ ɩɭɧɤɬ «Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɨɞɢɞ-ɢɨɧɚ ɨɬ ɬɟɦ-
      ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɡɚɜɢ-                                     ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ».
      ɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɣɨɞɚ,
      ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ʋ 1. ȿɫɥɢ ɪɚ-                                               ɏɨɞ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ.
      ɛɨɬɚ ʋ 1 ɧɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɥɚɫɶ, ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɜɵɞɚɟɬ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚɦ ɝɨɬɨ-                                              ɇɚ ɫɭɯɭɸ ɤɸɜɟɬɭ ɧɚɞɟɜɚɸɬ ɞɚɬɱɢɤ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɧɚ
      ɜɵɣ ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ.                                                                            ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɭɸ ɦɟɲɚɥɤɭ, ɩɨɝɪɭɠɚɸɬ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɚɬɱɢɤ ɢ ɹɤɨɪɶ ɦɟɲɚɥɤɢ.
                                                                                                                 Ɉɬɦɟɪɹɸɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɲɩɪɢɰɚ 20 ɦɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɄI 0.1Ɇ, ɩɟɪɟɥɢɜɚɸɬ
      Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ.                                                                                              ɟɝɨ ɜ ɦɟɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɧɚ 100 ɦɥ ɢ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ ɞɢɫɬɢɥ-
      ɉɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɨɩɢɫɵ-                                       ɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ. ɉɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ, ɩɨɤɚɱɢɜɚɹ ɤɨɥɛɭ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜɵɥɢ-
ɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨɦ ȼɚɧɬ-Ƚɨɮɮɚ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ                                         ɜɚɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɤɸɜɟɬɭ (ɧɟ ɫɞɜɢɝɚɬɶ ɞɚɬɱɢɤ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ!) ɢ ɧɚɫɬɪɚɢ-
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɵɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɶ ɝɪɚɞɭɫɨɜ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɜ 2–4                                    ɜɚɸɬ ɞɚɬɱɢɤ (ɫɦ. ɫ. 6).
ɪɚɡɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɢ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ                                           Ɉɬɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɲɩɪɢɰɟɦ 5 ɦɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ Ʉ2S2Ɉ8, ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɜɵɥɢɜɚɸɬ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ                                                       ɟɝɨ ɜ ɤɸɜɟɬɭ (ɤɨɧɱɢɤ ɢɝɥɵ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɧɟ ɨɩɭɫɤɚɬɶ!) ɢ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ
                                                                                                           ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ (ɞɥɹ ɱɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧɟ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɸɬ
                            v2 / v1 = J 77  1    ɨɤɧɨ «ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ»);
      ɝɞɟ v1 – ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ T,                                                              ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɸɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ 2 ɦɢɧɭɬɵ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɜ
      v2 – ɬɨ ɠɟ ɩɪɢ T2,                                                                                   ɮɚɣɥ. Ʉɸɜɟɬɭ ɫ ɹɤɨɪɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɣ ɦɟɲɚɥɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɚɬɱɢɤ ɨɩɨɥɚɫɤɢ-
      J – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ȼɚɧɬ-Ƚɨɮɮɚ.                                                                          ɜɚɸɬ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɪɚɸɬ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɨɣ.
      Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɫ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɣ                                              Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɸɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ.
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ, ɷɬɨɬ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɨɬ 2 ɞɨ 4, ɯɨɬɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ                                        Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜ ɦɟɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɧɚ 100 ɦɥ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 20 ɦɥ ɄI 0.1Ɇ ɢ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ȼɚɧɬ-Ƚɨɮɮɚ,                                         ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɩɟɪɟɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɨɣ-
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɢ ɩɨɞ-                                         ɤɢɣ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɱɢɤ, ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɥɢɬɤɭ ɢ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɚɸɬ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɚɬ-
ɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɵɲɟɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ.                                                  ɱɢɤ. ɀɞɭɬ, ɩɨɤɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɧɚɝɪɟɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɧɚ 10–12 °ɋ ɩɪɟɜɵ-
                                                                                                           ɲɚɸɳɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɟ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɚɬɱɢɤ
    ɐɟɥɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ.                                                                                           ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɤɸɜɟɬɭ, ɜɵɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɬɭɞɚ ɠɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɱɢɤɚ ɢ
    Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ȼɚɧɬ-Ƚɨɮɮɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɨɞɢɞ-ɢɨɧɚ                                         ɧɚɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɸɬ ɞɚɬɱɢɤ. Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɟ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ
ɩɟɪɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɨɦ 2KI + K2S2O8 = I2 + 2K2SO4 (ɢɥɢ ɜ ɢɨɧɧɨ-ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ                                          ɦɟɲɚɥɤɭ, ɨɬɛɢɪɚɸɬ 5 ɦɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ Ʉ2S2Ɉ8, ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɜɵɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɤɸɜɟɬɭ,
ɮɨɪɦɟ: 2I- + S2082- = I2 + 2SɈ42-).                                                                        ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ. ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɸɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ
                                                                                                           2 ɦɢɧɭɬɵ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɜ ɮɚɣɥ.
     Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ.                                                                                               Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ 1–2 ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨ-
     Ʉɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪ ɫ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɛɥɨɤɨɦ; ɞɚɬɱɢɤ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ                                         ɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ, ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɹ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, 60 °ɋ (ɜɨ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɧɢɟ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ
525 ɧɦ; ɬɟɪɦɨɞɚɬɱɢɤ; ɤɸɜɟɬɚ; ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɚɹ ɦɟɲɚɥɤɚ; ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɥɢɬɤɚ; ɬɟɪɦɨ-                                      ɤɸɜɟɬɵ).
ɫɬɨɣɤɢɣ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɱɢɤ ɧɚ 100 ɢɥɢ 150 ɦɥ; ɦɟɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɥɛɚ ɧɚ 100 ɦɥ; ɲɩɪɢɰɵ ɧɚ
20 ɢ 5 ɦɥ.                                                                                                     Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ.
                                                                                                               – Ɏɚɣɥɵ ɫ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ ȿɯɫɟl. ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɫɬɨɥ-
      Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ.                                                                                            ɛɟɰ ɜ ɧɢɯ – ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɜɬɨɪɨɣ – ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɬɪɟɬɢɣ – ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ. ȼ
      Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɄI 0.1Ɇ ɢ Ʉ2S2Ɉ8 0.1Ɇ, ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ.                                               ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɵɣ ɫɬɨɥɛɟɰ ɜɜɨɞɹɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɣɨɞɚ (ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɬɟɤɭɳɟ-
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