Практикум по общей химии на базе компьютерной лаборатории "L-микро". Сушкова Т.П - 13 стр.

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ɏɨɞ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ.
– ɉɭɫɬɨɣ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɱɢɤ (ɢɥɢ ɤɨɥɛɭ) ɜɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɜɟɫɚɯ, ɦɚɫɫɭ ɡɚɩɢɫɵ-
ɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɬɟɬɪɚɞɶ.
– Ɉɬɦɟɪɹɸɬ ɦɟɪɧɵɦ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɨɦ 50 ɦɥ ɇɋ1 4Ɇ, ɩɟɪɟɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ
ɜ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ (ɢɥɢ ɤɨɥɛɭ) ɧɚ 100 ɦɥ, ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɧɚ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɭɸ ɦɟɲɚɥɤɭ ɢ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɚɸɬ
ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɞɚɬɱɢɤ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. Ɂɚɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ. ɂɡɦɟɪɹɸɬ ɬɟɦ-
ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬ (Ɍ
1
).
– ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɟɪɧɵɣ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪ ɨɬɛɢɪɚɸɬ 50 ɦɥ NɚɈɇ 4Ɇ ɢ ɜɵɥɢɜɚɸɬ
ɷɬɨɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɜ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ ɫ ɇɋl. ɉɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɟ-
ɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ. Ʉɚɤ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟɦɩɟ-
ɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ (10–15 ɫ), ɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬ (Ɍ
2
).
– ȼɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɦɚɫɫɭ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɬ ɫ ɩɚɪɨɣ ɇɋ1—KOH, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ
ɇɋ1—Ʉ
2
ɋɈ (ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ
3
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɟɧɵ). ɉɨɫɭɞɭ ɢ ɹɤɨɪɶ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɣ ɦɟɲɚɥɤɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢ-
ɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɦɨɸɬ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ.
Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ.
Ɍɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ (Ⱦɠ/(ɦɨɥɶ)) ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
Q = ǻT· (ɫ · m + ɫ · m )/ (ɋ · V
ɪ-ɪɚ ɪ-ɪɚ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɚ 11
) , (1)
ɝɞɟ ǻT = (Ɍ
2
– Ɍ
1
) – ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ;
C–ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ (ɜ ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ) ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɟɪɟɞ ɤɨ-
1
ɬɨɪɵɦ ɜ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ 1;
V
1
– ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ (ɥ);
ɫ – ɭɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ (ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ
ɪ-ɪɚ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ 4,18 Ⱦɠ/ɝ·Ʉ);
m – ɢɬɨɝɨɜɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ (ɝ);
ɪ-ɪɚ
ɫ – ɭɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ;
ɫɬɟɤɥɚ
m – ɦɚɫɫɚ ɩɭɫɬɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɚ (ɝ).
ɫɬɚɤɚɧɚ
ɂɬɨɝɨɜɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ (m ) ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɫɫ ɫɬɚ-
ɪ-ɪɚ
ɤɚɧɚ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɩɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɢ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɢ ɩɭɫɬɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɚ. ɍɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨ-
ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ ɦɚɪɤɢ «ɩɢɪɟɤɫ», ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɯɢɦɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɫɭɞɭ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 0,859 Ⱦɠ/ (ɝ·Ʉ) (ɩɪɢ Ɍ= 273–573 Ʉ).
Ɂɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɟɥɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ.
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ.
1. Ʉɚɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɧɟɟ
ɩɨɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɟɪɟɞ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ n?
2. Ʉɚɤ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ 1 ɢ 2?
3. ɑɟɦ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɝɨ?
4. Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɜɧɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɭ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ,
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ?
25
ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ
1. ɍɝɚɣ ə.Ⱥ. Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɢ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɯɢɦɢɹ / ə.Ⱥ. ɍɝɚɣ. – Ɇ. : ȼɵɫɲ. ɲɤ.,
2007. – 527 ɫ.
2. ɋɭɜɨɪɨɜ Ⱥ.ȼ. Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɯɢɦɢɹ / Ⱥ.ȼ. ɋɭɜɨɪɨɜ, Ⱥ.Ȼ. ɇɢɤɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ. – ɋɉɛ. :
ɏɢɦɢɡɞɚɬ, 2000. – 622 ɫ.
3. ɏɚɭɫɤɪɨɮɬ Ʉ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɭɪɫ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɯɢɦɢɢ: ɜ 2 ɬ. / Ʉ. ɏɚɭɫɤɪɨɮɬ,
ɗ. Ʉɨɧɫɬɟɛɥ. – Ɇ. : Ɇɢɪ, 2002.
4. Ƚɥɢɧɤɚ ɇ.Ʌ. Ɂɚɞɚɱɢ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɯɢɦɢɢ : ɭɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ
ɞɥɹ ɜɭɡɨɜ / ɇ.Ʌ. Ƚɥɢɧɤɚ. – Ɇ. : ɂɧɬɟɝɪɚɥ-ɉɪɟɫɫ, 2004. – 240 ɫ.
26
      ɏɨɞ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ.
      – ɉɭɫɬɨɣ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɱɢɤ (ɢɥɢ ɤɨɥɛɭ) ɜɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɜɟɫɚɯ, ɦɚɫɫɭ ɡɚɩɢɫɵ-
ɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɬɟɬɪɚɞɶ.
      – Ɉɬɦɟɪɹɸɬ ɦɟɪɧɵɦ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɨɦ 50 ɦɥ ɇɋ1 4Ɇ, ɩɟɪɟɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ                                        ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ
ɜ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ (ɢɥɢ ɤɨɥɛɭ) ɧɚ 100 ɦɥ, ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɧɚ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɭɸ ɦɟɲɚɥɤɭ ɢ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɚɸɬ
ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɞɚɬɱɢɤ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. Ɂɚɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ. ɂɡɦɟɪɹɸɬ ɬɟɦ-             1. ɍɝɚɣ ə.Ⱥ. Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɢ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɯɢɦɢɹ / ə.Ⱥ. ɍɝɚɣ. – Ɇ. : ȼɵɫɲ. ɲɤ.,
ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬ (Ɍ1).                                             2007. – 527 ɫ.
      – ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɟɪɧɵɣ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪ ɨɬɛɢɪɚɸɬ 50 ɦɥ NɚɈɇ 4Ɇ ɢ ɜɵɥɢɜɚɸɬ               2. ɋɭɜɨɪɨɜ Ⱥ.ȼ. Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɯɢɦɢɹ / Ⱥ.ȼ. ɋɭɜɨɪɨɜ, Ⱥ.Ȼ. ɇɢɤɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ. – ɋɉɛ. :
ɷɬɨɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɜ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ ɫ ɇɋl. ɉɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɟ-              ɏɢɦɢɡɞɚɬ, 2000. – 622 ɫ.
ɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ. Ʉɚɤ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟɦɩɟ-           3. ɏɚɭɫɤɪɨɮɬ Ʉ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɭɪɫ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɯɢɦɢɢ: ɜ 2 ɬ. / Ʉ. ɏɚɭɫɤɪɨɮɬ,
ɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ (10–15 ɫ), ɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬ (Ɍ2).                      ɗ. Ʉɨɧɫɬɟɛɥ. – Ɇ. : Ɇɢɪ, 2002.
      – ȼɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɦɚɫɫɭ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬ.           4. Ƚɥɢɧɤɚ ɇ.Ʌ. Ɂɚɞɚɱɢ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɯɢɦɢɢ : ɭɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ
      Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɬ ɫ ɩɚɪɨɣ ɇɋ1—KOH, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ                       ɞɥɹ ɜɭɡɨɜ / ɇ.Ʌ. Ƚɥɢɧɤɚ. – Ɇ. : ɂɧɬɟɝɪɚɥ-ɉɪɟɫɫ, 2004. – 240 ɫ.
ɇɋ1—Ʉ2ɋɈ3 (ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɟɧɵ). ɉɨɫɭɞɭ ɢ ɹɤɨɪɶ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɣ ɦɟɲɚɥɤɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢ-
ɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɦɨɸɬ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ.

        Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ.
      Ɍɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ (Ⱦɠ/(ɦɨɥɶ)) ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
                Q = ǻT· (ɫɪ-ɪɚ· mɪ-ɪɚ + ɫɫɬɟɤɥɚ · mɫɬɚɤɚɧɚ)/ (ɋ1 · V1) ,   (1)
        ɝɞɟ ǻT = (Ɍ2 – Ɍ1) – ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ;
        C1 – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ (ɜ ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ) ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɟɪɟɞ ɤɨ-
        ɬɨɪɵɦ ɜ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ 1;
        V1 – ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ (ɥ);
        ɫɪ-ɪɚ – ɭɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ (ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ
        ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ 4,18 Ⱦɠ/ɝ·Ʉ);
        mɪ-ɪɚ – ɢɬɨɝɨɜɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ (ɝ);
        ɫɫɬɟɤɥɚ – ɭɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ;
        mɫɬɚɤɚɧɚ – ɦɚɫɫɚ ɩɭɫɬɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɚ (ɝ).
      ɂɬɨɝɨɜɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ (mɪ-ɪɚ) ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɫɫ ɫɬɚ-
ɤɚɧɚ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɩɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɢ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɢ ɩɭɫɬɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɚ. ɍɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨ-
ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ ɦɚɪɤɢ «ɩɢɪɟɤɫ», ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɯɢɦɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɫɭɞɭ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 0,859 Ⱦɠ/ (ɝ·Ʉ) (ɩɪɢ Ɍ= 273–573 Ʉ).
      Ɂɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɟɥɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ.
      Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ.
      1. Ʉɚɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɧɟɟ
ɩɨɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɟɪɟɞ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ n?
      2. Ʉɚɤ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ 1 ɢ 2?
      3. ɑɟɦ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ
      ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɝɨ?
      4. Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɜɧɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɭ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ,
      ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ?
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