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18
He has written an article.
Has he written an article?
He has not written an article.
Ôîðìà Perfect â ëþáîì âðåìåíè âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå,
çàâåðøåííîå ê îïðåäåëåííîìó ìîìåíòó.
Present Perfect óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ:
1. Â ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ áåç óêàçàíèÿ âðåìåíè.
We have been at the diary farm.
2.  ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ, â êîòîðûõ âðåìÿ âûðàæåíî íàðå÷èÿìè
íåîïðåäåëåííîãî âðåìåíè — already, never, ever, yet, just, often
è ñî ñëîâàìè, âûðàæàþùèìè åùå íåèñòåêøèå ïåðèîäû âðåìåíè
— today, this year, this month, this week, this morning è ò.ä.
He hasn’t spoken to the dean yet.
There have been two interesting meetings at our institute this
month.
Ó ï î ò ð å á ë å í è å Present Perfect è ñ ê ë þ ÷ à å ò ñ ÿ:
à) Ïðè íàëè÷èè êàêîãî-ëèáî óêàçàíèÿ íà ïðîøåäøåå âðåìÿ.
I saw this book yesterday.
á)  âîïðîñàõ, íà÷èíàþùèõñÿ ñ íàðå÷èÿ when,
When did your brother return home?
Ho: Has your brother returned home?
Past è Future Perfect (ïðîøåäøåå è áóäóùåå ñîâåðøåííîå)
óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ:
1. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ, çàâåðøåííîãî ê îïðåäåëåííîìó
ìîìåíòó â ïðîøëîì è áóäóùåì ñîîòâåòñòâåííî (ìîìåíò
âûðàæàåòñÿ ïîñðåäñòâîì ïðåäëîãà by — ê):
They had passed their exams by 3 o’clock.
They shall have passed their exams by 3 o’clock.
2. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ, çàâåðøåííîãî äî äðóãîãî
äåéñòâèÿ â ïðîøëîì è áóäóùåì ñîîòâåòñòâåííî:
When I returned from my leave, he had recovered.
I hope you will have recovered before (when) I return from my
leave.
3. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ çàâåðøåííîãî äåéñòâèÿ â ïðèäàòî÷íûõ
ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ âðåìåíè è óñëîâèÿ, îòíîñÿùèõñÿ ê áóäóùåìó,
âìåñòî Future Perfect óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ Present Perfect.
I shall return the dictionary to you after (when) I have translated
the article.
Keep my dictionary until you have translated the article.
4. Äåéñòâèÿ, çàâåðøåííûå ê îïðåäåëåííîìó ìîìåíòó â
ïðîøëîì è áóäóùåì, ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ ñîîòâåòñòâåííî ôîðìîé Past
He has written an article. Has he written an article? He has not written an article. Ôîðìà Perfect â ëþáîì âðåìåíè âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå, çàâåðøåííîå ê îïðåäåëåííîìó ìîìåíòó. Present Perfect óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ: 1.  ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ áåç óêàçàíèÿ âðåìåíè. We have been at the diary farm. 2.  ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ, â êîòîðûõ âðåìÿ âûðàæåíî íàðå÷èÿìè íåîïðåäåëåííîãî âðåìåíè — already, never, ever, yet, just, often è ñî ñëîâàìè, âûðàæàþùèìè åùå íåèñòåêøèå ïåðèîäû âðåìåíè — today, this year, this month, this week, this morning è ò.ä. He hasn’t spoken to the dean yet. There have been two interesting meetings at our institute this month. Ó ï î ò ð å á ë å í è å Present Perfect è ñ ê ë þ ÷ à å ò ñ ÿ: à) Ïðè íàëè÷èè êàêîãî-ëèáî óêàçàíèÿ íà ïðîøåäøåå âðåìÿ. I saw this book yesterday. á)  âîïðîñàõ, íà÷èíàþùèõñÿ ñ íàðå÷èÿ when, When did your brother return home? Ho: Has your brother returned home? Past è Future Perfect (ïðîøåäøåå è áóäóùåå ñîâåðøåííîå) óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ: 1. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ, çàâåðøåííîãî ê îïðåäåëåííîìó ìîìåíòó â ïðîøëîì è áóäóùåì ñîîòâåòñòâåííî (ìîìåíò âûðàæàåòñÿ ïîñðåäñòâîì ïðåäëîãà by — ê): They had passed their exams by 3 o’clock. They shall have passed their exams by 3 o’clock. 2. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ, çàâåðøåííîãî äî äðóãîãî äåéñòâèÿ â ïðîøëîì è áóäóùåì ñîîòâåòñòâåííî: When I returned from my leave, he had recovered. I hope you will have recovered before (when) I return from my leave. 3. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ çàâåðøåííîãî äåéñòâèÿ â ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ âðåìåíè è óñëîâèÿ, îòíîñÿùèõñÿ ê áóäóùåìó, âìåñòî Future Perfect óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ Present Perfect. I shall return the dictionary to you after (when) I have translated the article. Keep my dictionary until you have translated the article. 4. Äåéñòâèÿ, çàâåðøåííûå ê îïðåäåëåííîìó ìîìåíòó â ïðîøëîì è áóäóùåì, ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ ñîîòâåòñòâåííî ôîðìîé Past 18
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