Английский язык в сфере профессиональной коммуникации: природопользование - 18 стр.

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18
He has written an article.
Has he written an article?
He has not written an article.
Ôîðìà Perfect â ëþáîì âðåìåíè âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå,
çàâåðøåííîå ê îïðåäåëåííîìó ìîìåíòó.
Present Perfect óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ:
1. Â ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ áåç óêàçàíèÿ âðåìåíè.
We have been at the diary farm.
2.  ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ, â êîòîðûõ âðåìÿ âûðàæåíî íàðå÷èÿìè
íåîïðåäåëåííîãî âðåìåíè — already, never, ever, yet, just, often
è ñî ñëîâàìè, âûðàæàþùèìè åùå íåèñòåêøèå ïåðèîäû âðåìåíè
— today, this year, this month, this week, this morning è ò.ä.
He hasn’t spoken to the dean yet.
There have been two interesting meetings at our institute this
month.
Ó ï î ò ð å á ë å í è å Present Perfect è ñ ê ë þ ÷ à å ò ñ ÿ:
à) Ïðè íàëè÷èè êàêîãî-ëèáî óêàçàíèÿ íà ïðîøåäøåå âðåìÿ.
I saw this book yesterday.
á)  âîïðîñàõ, íà÷èíàþùèõñÿ ñ íàðå÷èÿ when,
When did your brother return home?
Ho: Has your brother returned home?
Past è Future Perfect (ïðîøåäøåå è áóäóùåå ñîâåðøåííîå)
óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ:
1. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ, çàâåðøåííîãî ê îïðåäåëåííîìó
ìîìåíòó â ïðîøëîì è áóäóùåì ñîîòâåòñòâåííî (ìîìåíò
âûðàæàåòñÿ ïîñðåäñòâîì ïðåäëîãà by — ê):
They had passed their exams by 3 o’clock.
They shall have passed their exams by 3 o’clock.
2. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ, çàâåðøåííîãî äî äðóãîãî
äåéñòâèÿ â ïðîøëîì è áóäóùåì ñîîòâåòñòâåííî:
When I returned from my leave, he had recovered.
I hope you will have recovered before (when) I return from my
leave.
3. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ çàâåðøåííîãî äåéñòâèÿ â ïðèäàòî÷íûõ
ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ âðåìåíè è óñëîâèÿ, îòíîñÿùèõñÿ ê áóäóùåìó,
âìåñòî Future Perfect óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ Present Perfect.
I shall return the dictionary to you after (when) I have translated
the article.
Keep my dictionary until you have translated the article.
4. Äåéñòâèÿ, çàâåðøåííûå ê îïðåäåëåííîìó ìîìåíòó â
ïðîøëîì è áóäóùåì, ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ ñîîòâåòñòâåííî ôîðìîé Past
      He has written an article.
      Has he written an article?
      He has not written an article.
      Ôîðìà Perfect â ëþáîì âðåìåíè âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå,
çàâåðøåííîå ê îïðåäåëåííîìó ìîìåíòó.
      Present Perfect óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ:
      1. Â ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ áåç óêàçàíèÿ âðåìåíè.
      We have been at the diary farm.
      2.  ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ, â êîòîðûõ âðåìÿ âûðàæåíî íàðå÷èÿìè
íåîïðåäåëåííîãî âðåìåíè — already, never, ever, yet, just, often
è ñî ñëîâàìè, âûðàæàþùèìè åùå íåèñòåêøèå ïåðèîäû âðåìåíè
— today, this year, this month, this week, this morning è ò.ä.
      He hasn’t spoken to the dean yet.
      There have been two interesting meetings at our institute this
month.
      Ó ï î ò ð å á ë å í è å Present Perfect è ñ ê ë þ ÷ à å ò ñ ÿ:
      à) Ïðè íàëè÷èè êàêîãî-ëèáî óêàçàíèÿ íà ïðîøåäøåå âðåìÿ.
      I saw this book yesterday.
      á)  âîïðîñàõ, íà÷èíàþùèõñÿ ñ íàðå÷èÿ when,
      When did your brother return home?
      Ho: Has your brother returned home?
      Past è Future Perfect (ïðîøåäøåå è áóäóùåå ñîâåðøåííîå)
óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ:
      1. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ, çàâåðøåííîãî ê îïðåäåëåííîìó
ìîìåíòó â ïðîøëîì è áóäóùåì ñîîòâåòñòâåííî (ìîìåíò
âûðàæàåòñÿ ïîñðåäñòâîì ïðåäëîãà by — ê):
      They had passed their exams by 3 o’clock.
      They shall have passed their exams by 3 o’clock.
      2. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ, çàâåðøåííîãî äî äðóãîãî
äåéñòâèÿ â ïðîøëîì è áóäóùåì ñîîòâåòñòâåííî:
      When I returned from my leave, he had recovered.
      I hope you will have recovered before (when) I return from my
leave.
      3. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ çàâåðøåííîãî äåéñòâèÿ â ïðèäàòî÷íûõ
ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ âðåìåíè è óñëîâèÿ, îòíîñÿùèõñÿ ê áóäóùåìó,
âìåñòî Future Perfect óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ Present Perfect.
      I shall return the dictionary to you after (when) I have translated
the article.
      Keep my dictionary until you have translated the article.
      4. Äåéñòâèÿ, çàâåðøåííûå ê îïðåäåëåííîìó ìîìåíòó â
ïðîøëîì è áóäóùåì, ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ ñîîòâåòñòâåííî ôîðìîé Past
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