Английский язык в сфере профессиональной коммуникации: природопользование - 19 стр.

è Future Perfect, åñëè îòâå÷àþò íà âîïðîñ «Ê êàêîìó âðåìåíè
çàâåðøèëîñü (çàâåðøèòñÿ) äåéñòâèå?» (by what time?) Åñëè æå
îíè îòâå÷àþò íà âîïðîñ «Êîãäà?», îíè ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ
ñîîòâåòñòâåííî ôîðìîé Past è Future Indefinite.
     I shall have translated this article by to-morrow.
     I shall translate this article to-morrow.
     I had translated this article by five o’clock.
     I translated this article at five o’clock.
     Âðåìåíà ãðóïïû Perfect Continuous óêàçûâàþò íà òî, ÷òî
äåéñòâèå ïðîäîëæàëîñü â òå÷åíèå íåêîòîðîãî ïåðèîäà âðåìåíè
äî îïðåäåëåííîãî ìîìåíòà â íàñòîÿùåì, ïðîøåäøåì èëè áó-
äóùåì è ìîæåò ïðîäîëæàòüñÿ â äàííûé ìîìåíò.
     Âðåìåíà ãðóïïû P e r f e c t C o n t i n u o u s
îáðàçóþòñÿ èç ôîðìû Perfect âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà to be â
ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåì âðåìåíè, ëèöå è ÷èñëå è ïðè÷àñòèÿ íàñòîÿùåãî
âðåìåíè (Present Partici ple) ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà.
     I have been           ¦
     He has been           ¦       working
     They had been         ¦
     She will have been ¦
     Â âîïðîñèòåëüíîé ôîðìå ïåðâûé âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé ãëàãîë
ñòàâèòñÿ ïåðåä ïîäëåæàùèì. Â îòðèöàòåëüíîé ôîðìå îòðèöàíèå
not ñòàâèòñÿ ïîñëå ïåðâîãî âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà.
     Ôîðìà Perfect â ëþáîì âðåìåíè âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå,
çàâåðøåííîå ê îïðåäåëåííîìó ìîìåíòó.
     Ãðóïïà Perfect Continuous óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ
äåéñòâèÿ, êîòîðîå íà÷àëîñü äî óêàçàííîãî ìîìåíòà è
ïðîäîëæàåòñÿ âïëîòü äî ýòîãî ìîìåíòà èëè âêëþ÷àÿ ýòîò ìîìåíò.
     Âðåìåíà ãðóïïû Perfect Continuous îòâå÷àþò íà âîïðîñ How
long? — Êàê äîëãî? Ñêîëüêî âðåìåíè?
     1. Present Perfect Continuous
     It has been raining
     1) for two hours.
     2) since early morning.
     3) since you came.
     How long have you been waiting for me? — I have been waiting
for you for about 20 minutes.
     2. Past Perfect Continuous
     She said that he had been studying German for two years.

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