Лекции по теоретической грамматике английского языка. Тивьяева И.В. - 124 стр.

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124
Crystal calls them conversational maxims. They are also sometimes named
Grice’s or Gricean maxims.) They are the maxims of quality, quantity, relevance
and manner.
− Quality
: Try to make your contribution one that is true. – Speakers should be
truthful. They should not say what they think is false, or make statements for
which they have no evidence.
− Quantity
: Give the right amount of information. – A contribution should be
as informative as is required for the conversation to proceed. It should be
neither too little, nor too much. (It is not clear how one can decide what
quantity of information satisfies the maxim in a given case.)
− Relevance
: Be relevant. – Speakers’ contributions should relate clearly to
the purpose of the exchange.
− Manner
: Be perspicuous [i.e. clear, easy to follow]. – Speakers’
contributions should be perspicuous: clear, orderly and brief, avoiding
obscurity and ambiguity.
Of these maxims, the most important is the Maxim of Relation: in listening
to someone, we assume that whatever that person is saying to us is somehow
relevant to the conversational situation. So, for example, in the following
interchange:
A: Mary lost a book today.
B: Well, I saw Jane carrying around a new book this afternoon.
Person A will infer from B’s utterance that Jane is somehow responsible for
the disappearance of Mary’s book, even though B did actually not say that Jane
was responsible: the Maxim of Relation gives us license to infer that B would not
have said what s/he did unless the information B provided was somehow relevant
to the statement A made. In this way, B’s statement licensed a conversational
implicature. Consider also the following:
A: Do you like wine?
B: Thanks.

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