Лекции по теоретической грамматике английского языка. Тивьяева И.В. - 133 стр.

UptoLike

Составители:

Рубрика:

133

There are two main types of cohesion: grammatical, referring to the

structural content, and lexical

, referring to the language content of the piece and a

cohesive text is created through many different ways. In Cohesion in English,

M.A.K. Halliday

and Ruqaiya Hasan identify five general categories of cohesive

devices that create coherence in texts: reference, ellipsis, substitution, lexical

cohesion, and conjunction.

Reference (realized by nouns, determiners, personal and demonstrative

pronouns or adverbs) either points out of the text to a real world item (i.e., to its

denotate), hence exophoric reference (deixis: Can you see that

?), or refers to an

item within the text, hence endophoric reference. The two possible directions of

endophoric reference are backward (anaphoric r.; direct anaphora: I met a man.

was wearing ..., indirect anaphora: It is a solid house. The walls are thick ...)

or forward (cataphoric r.: ... the house whose walls are thick); in the case of a

reference to an item of which there is (in the given situation) only one instance,

we talk about homophora (e.g. Place the books on the table please). The

relationship between two items in which both refer to the same person or thing

and one stands as a linguistic antecedent of the other is called coreference

(compare He saw himself in the mirror with He saw him in the mirror).

Reference (semantic level)

EXOPHORA ENDOPHORA

(situational) (textual)

ANAPHORA CATAPHORA

(referring to preceding text) (referring to following

text)

Examples:

ANAPHORA: Three blind mice

see how they run.

CATAPHORA: I would never have believed it. They've accepted the proposal.