Лекции по теоретической грамматике английского языка. Тивьяева И.В. - 134 стр.

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EXOPHORA: (a child making noise). Mother: Stop doing that here. I'm trying to work.

Types of reference:

a. PERSONAL – lexical items replaced with personal pronouns, possessive

adjectives, possessive pronouns …

b. DEMONSTRATIVE – realised by deictic terms: demonstrative adverbs (here,

now …), nominal demonstratives (this, these …), definite article (the).

c. COMPARATIVE – on the basis of identity (same), similarity (such),

difference (other, else), numerative (more, less), epithets (better).

Examples of types of reference:

PERSONAL: John has moved to a new house.

He had it built last year.

DEMONSTRATIVE: I like the push-ups and the sit-ups.

These are my favourites.

COMPARATIVE: Mary was a lady in mid-20s.

Such people can't change a flat tyre.

Ellipsis, i.e., omission of something referred to earlier, is an instance of

textual anaphora (e.g., Have some more). Types of ellipsis:

a. NOMINAL – a word functioning as deictic, numerative, epithet or

classifier is upgraded from the status of modifier to the status of head.

i. -Did you get a first prize? – No, I got a third.

ii. His sons went into business. Neither succeeded.

b. VERBAL – the structure does not fully express its systemic features.

i. Have you been swimming? Yes, I have. (lexical ellipsis)

ii. Has she been crying? No, laughing. (operator ellipsis)