Лекции по теоретической грамматике английского языка. Тивьяева И.В. - 132 стр.

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scholars study the text in its various aspects: grammatical, stylistic, semantic,

functional and so on.

The text can be studied as a product (text grammar) or as a process (theory

of text). The text-as-a-product approach is focused on the text cohesion, coherence,

topical organization, illocutionary structure and communicative functions; the text-

as-a-process perspective studies the text production, reception and interpretation.

Text can be understood as an instance of (spoken or written) language use

(an act of parole), a relatively self-contained unit of communication. As a

‘communicative occurrence’ it meets seven criteria of textuality (the constitutive

principles of textual communication): cohesion, coherence, intentionality,

acceptability, informativity, situationality and intertextuality, and three regulative

principles of textual communication: efficiency, effectiveness and appropriateness

(cf. de Beaugrande and Dressler 1981, Malmjaer 1991)

Regulative Principles of Textual Communication

The principle of efficiency requires that a text should be used with a

minimum effort - hence the use of plain (stereotyped and unimaginative) language

which, however boring and unimpressive, is easy to produce and comprehend.

In contrast, effectiveness presumes leaving a strong impression and the

creation of favourable conditions for attaining a communicative goal; this

presupposes the use of creative (original, imaginative) language which, however

effective, may lead to communicative breakdown.

The principle of appropriateness attempts to balance off the two above

principles by seeking an accord between the text setting and standards of textuality.

2. Cohesion and Coherence

Cohesion can be defined as the links that hold a text together and give it

meaning. The term cohesion was introduced by Halliday and Hasan in 1976 to

denote the way in which linguistic items of which texts are constituted are

meaningfully interconnected in sequences. Each piece of text must be cohesive

with the adjacent ones for a successful communication.