Лекции по теоретической грамматике английского языка. Тивьяева И.В. - 48 стр.

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48
It has to be hot outside.
It might
be hot outside.
It could
be hot outside.
It needn't
be hot outside.
It shouldn't
be hot outside.
It is probably
hot outside.
Perhaps
it is hot outside.
It is possible that
it is hot outside.
It is certain that
it is hot outside.
It is probable that
it is hot outside.
It is likely that
it is hot outside.
Three main kinds of modal meaning are distinguished:
- deontic,
- epistemic,
- dynamic.
Deontic modality
is concerned with “influencing actions, states, or events”
and typically has to do with such notions as obligation and permission, or – in
combination with negation – prohibition. Deontic modal meaning also deals with
threats, promises (commissive deontic modality), requests, commands, instructions
(directive), desires, wishes and fears (volitive):
e.g. You must come in immediately (obligation).
You can have one more turn. (permission)
You can’t have any more. (prohibition)
May he lose the race. (wish)
Epistemic modality
is concerned with the speaker’s judgement of the truth
of the proposition embedded in the statement.
e.g. It was a mistake represents an unqualified assertion.
It must have been a mistake suggests that I am drawing a conclusion from
evidence rather than asserting something of whose truth I have direct knowledge.

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