Лекции по теоретической грамматике английского языка. Тивьяева И.В. - 95 стр.

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V → VAdv: walked – walked slowly;

A → AdvA: beautiful – strikingly beautiful.

Adjunction (присоединение) is similar to development. It consists in

modifying words as syntactic elements with particles (e.g. only for you, just in

case, even at such a great sum).

Inclusion (включение) consists in inserting modal words and similar

elements into a sentence. (e. g. Apparently, this is the only way out. A true friend,

indeed.) The specific status of these elements (certain semantics, independence of

other sentence members, non-fixed position within the sentence boundaries) does

not allow regarding them as a sentence member.

Isolation is a syntactic process aimed at accentuating some sentence

member or sentence member group. The needed effect is reached by prosodic

means, pausation being used most often. Parcellation is a particular case of

isolation. Parcellation takes place when the isolated element forms a separate

sentence. (e. g. I used to. At home.)

The examined syntactic processes deal either with modifying the structure of

a syntactic element aimed at making it more complicated, or with expanding the

element.

Substitution, representation and ellipsis play a different role. They are

characterized by general text dependence and orientation towards compression.

The resulting element is correlated either with some preceding or following

elements.

Substitution (замещение) is a use of words with generalized structural

meaning instead of words and constructions with specific meaning which were

mentioned earlier.

e.g. Do you want me to open the window? – Yes, please do.

Would you kindly pass me an apple? – Do you want a red one?

Representation (репрезентация) consists in using a part of some syntactic

unit representing the whole unit.

e.g. Could you help me? – I will be happy to.