Социология. Верецкая А.И. - 51 стр.

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ɝɪɭɩɩ ɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟ-
ɫɨɜ.
ɋɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ (ɨɬ ɥɚɬ. socialis – ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ) – ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɟ
ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɤ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɢ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ, ɨɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡ-
ɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɛɹ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧ-
ɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ. ɋɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɢɡ-
ɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ.
ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ – ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟ-
ɧɢɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɢ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɸ-
ɞɟɣ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɨɞɭ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɯ ɭɫ-
ɥɨɜɢɣ ɢɯ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭ-
ɪɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ: ɤɥɚɫɫɵ, ɫɨɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɥɸɞɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ
ɞɟɪɟɜɧɢ, ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɝɪɭɩɩɵ (ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɶ, ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ, ɦɭɠ-
ɱɢɧɵ), ɷɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɟ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɲɟ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɢ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵ ɩɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɢ, ɜɫɜɨɸɨɱɟ-
ɪɟɞɶ, ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɢ ɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢɦɢ ɢɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɢ, ɤɨ-
ɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɧɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɬ ɜɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ.
ɋɨɰɢɭɦ – ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɚɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɸɞɟɣ (ɨɛɳɟ-
ɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ), ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɢɯ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ. Ɋɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɰɢɭɦɚ: ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɪɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɨ-ɪɨɞɨɜɵɟ,
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜɵɟ, ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨ-
ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɢɩɵ ɫɨɰɢɭɦɨɜ: ɬɨɬɚɥɢɬɚɪɧɵɣ, ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɵɣ,
ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ, ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɢɫɬɫɤɢɣ, ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ, ɚɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɢɞɪ.
ɋɬɚɬɭɫ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ – ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡ-
ɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ (ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɨɜ) ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ, ɜ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ. ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɩɨ ɪɹɞɭ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ (ɩɨɥ, ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ, ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ) ɬɚɤ ɢ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ (ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɹ, ɪɨɞ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ, ɫɟɦɟɣ-
ɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɞɨɯɨɞ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.). ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ
ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɧɵɣ.
ɋɬɪɚɬɚ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ (ɨɬ ɥɚɬ. stratum – ɫɥɨɣ) – ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ,
ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɤɢɦ-ɥɢɛɨ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ
(ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ, ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɥɚɫɬɶɸ,
ɩɪɟ-
ɫɬɢɠɟɦ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.). ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɦ ɜ ɬɟɨɪɢɹɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɫɬɪɚɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɨɞ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɚɦɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɜɫɟ ɫɨɰɢ-
ɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɢ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ.
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