Химический анализ почв. Валовой анализ органической и минеральной частей почвы. Йонко О.А. - 27 стр.

UptoLike

ВУЗ: 

ВГУ | Воронеж

Составители: 

Рубрика: 

5H
2
C
2
O
4
+2KMnO
4
+3H
2
SO
4
=K
2
SO
4
+2MnSO
4
+10CO
2
+8H
2
O,
ɬ. ɟ. MnO
4
-
+8H
+
+5eļMn
2+
+4H
2
O,
C
2
O
4
2—
+2eĺ2CO
2
.
ȼɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɚɬ ɨɬ ɩɨɥɭɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ
ɭɩɚɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɦ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɥɢɬɤɟ ɫ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɫɩɢɪɚɥɶɸ ɞɨ
ɨɛɴɟɦɚ 100–150 ɦɥ. ȿɫɥɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɴɟɦɚ, ɭɩɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ. ɇɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɭɸɬ HCI 10 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ
NH
4
OH ɞɨ ɫɥɚɛɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɚɯɚ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ ɢ ɠɟɥɬɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ
ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɩɨɞɤɢɫɥɹɸɬ 10 % ɭɤɫɭɫɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɞɨ
ɹɜɧɨ ɪɨɡɨɜɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ.
ɉɨɞɤɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɸɬ ɞɨ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ, ɫɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɫ ɨɝɧɹ ɢ
ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɩɨɪɰɢɹɦɢ 5–10 ɦɥ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ 4 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ
(NH
4
)
2
C
2
O
4
. ɉɪɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɦɭɬɧɟɟɬ ɨɬ
ɜɵɞɟɥɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɛɟɥɨɝɨ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɋɚɋ
2
Ɉ
4
×ɇ
2
Ɉ. ɉɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɦ ɢ
ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɹɧɭɸ ɛɚɧɸ ɧɚ 2–3 ɱɚɫɚ – ɞɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ
ɧɚɞ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɦ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɫɬɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɨɡɨɜɵɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɭɤɫɭɫɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ.
Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬ ɞɨ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɩɥɨɬɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 9 ɫɦ. Ɏɢɥɶɬɪ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 1–2 ɪɚɡɚ
ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɟ ɤɢɩɹɳɟɣ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ
ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ, ɧɟɬ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɧɚ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ.
Ɉɫɚɞɨɤ ɋɚɋ
2
Ɉ
4
×ɇ
2
Ɉ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɸɬ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ.
ɉɪɨɦɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɞɟɤɚɧɬɚɰɢɟɣ, ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɦɵɜɚɹ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ
ɫɬɚɤɚɧɚ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɞɚɥɢɬɶ ɫ ɧɢɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɨɫɚɞɢɬɟɥɹ. ɉɨɞ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
2–3 ɪɚɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɪɚɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ. ɉɨɥɧɨɬɭ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɸɬ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɟɣ ɧɚ ɨɤɫɚɥɚɬ – ɢɨɧ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ AgNO
3
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɛɟɥɵɣ
ɨɫɚɞɨɤ Ag
2
C
2
O
4
. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ AgNO
3
ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɤɢɫɥɹɸɬ HNO
3
, ɬɚɤ
ɤɚɤ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɳɚɜɟɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɟɛɪɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɡɨɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɟ.
Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɚɬ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ, ɚ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ, ɨɫɬɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɧɚ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ 5 % ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ, ɫɨɛɢɪɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɜ ɬɨɬ
ɫɬɚɤɚɧ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ
ɡɚɬɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ 50–100 ɦɥ 5 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ H
2
SO
4
. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ
ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɸɬ ɞɨ 75–80º. ɇɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɶ ɞɨ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ!, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɚɧɢɨɧɵ ɋ
2
Ɉ
4
2-
ɪɚɡɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ:
ɋ
2
Ɉ
4
2-
ļɋɈ
2
+ɋɈ+Ɉ.
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɳɚɜɟɥɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ
ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɬɢɬɪɭɸɬ 0,02–0,05 ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ KMnO
4
ɞɨ ɫɥɚɛɨɪɨɡɨɜɨɣ
ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ, ɧɟ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 1 ɦɢɧ (ɟɫɥɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ
ɛɭɪɨɜɚɬɵɣ ɨɬɬɟɧɨɤ, ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɩɟɥɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ
ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ), ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɛɪɨɫɚɸɬ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ
ɩɨɥɧɨɬɭ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɚ ɢɫɱɟɡɧɟɬ, ɫɧɨɜɚ ɬɢɬɪɭɸɬ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ KMnO
4
.
27

Страницы