Химический анализ почв. Валовой анализ органической и минеральной частей почвы. Йонко О.А. - 29 стр.

UptoLike

ВУЗ: 

ВГУ | Воронеж

Составители: 

Рубрика: 

Mg
2+
+HPO
4
2-
+NH
4
OH=MgNH
4
PO
4
Ļ+H
2
O.
Ⱥɦɦɨɧɢɣɧɨ-ɦɚɝɧɢɟɜɵɣ ɮɨɫɮɚɬ – ɦɚɥɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ
ɦɚɝɧɢɹ. ɂɡ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɨɫɚɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɧɨɝɢɞɪɚɬ MgNH
4
PO
4
×H
2
O. ɂɡ
ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɝɨ – ɦɟɧɟɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɣ ɝɟɤɫɨɝɢɞɪɚɬ MgNH
4
PO
4
×6H
2
O.
Ɉɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɇ
+
-ɢɨɧɵ
ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɇɊɈ
4
2-
ɢ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɫɨɥɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɜɜɨɞɹɬ NH
4
OH ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ
ɞɜɨɣɧɨɣ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɣɧɨ-ɦɚɝɧɢɟɜɨɣ ɫɨɥɢ. Ⱥɦɦɢɚɤ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɟ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɚɜɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɢɞɬɢ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ:
2MgNH
4
PO
4
ĺMg
2
P
2
O
7
+2NH
3
Ĺ+ɇ
2
ɈĹ
ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɠɟ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ.
Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ NH
4
CI. ɉɪɢ
ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ NH
4
CIļNH
4
+
+CI
-
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ NH
4
+
ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ NH
4
OH. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɚɦɦɢɚɤ ɧɟ ɨɫɚɠɞɚɟɬ ɝɢɞɪɨɨɤɢɫɶ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ
ɢɨɧɨɜ ɩɨɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ [Mg
2+
]×[OH
-
] ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ Mg(OH)
2
.
Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ NH
4
CI ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɢ Mg(NH
4
)(PO
4
)
2
.
Ɉɫɚɞɨɤ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɣ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɣɧɨ-ɦɚɝɧɢɟɜɨɣ ɫɨɥɢ ɪɚɡɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɜɡɹɬɵɦ ɜ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɟ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ:
MgNH
4
PO
4
+H
2
SO
4
=MgSO
4
+NH
4
H
2
PO
4
.
ɂɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɨɬɬɢɬɪɨɜɵɜɚɸɬ ɳɟɥɨɱɶɸ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɡɚɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ, ɫɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɡɧɚɬɶ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ.
ȼɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɚɬ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɬ ɨɤɫɚɥɚɬɚ
ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɭɩɚɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɥɢɬɤɟ ɫ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɫɩɢɪɚɥɶɸ ɞɨ
ɨɛɴɟɦɚ §200 ɦɥ.
ɇɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɭɸɬ ɭɤɫɭɫɧɭɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ 10 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ NH
4
OH ɞɨ ɠɟɥɬɨɣ
ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɩɨɞɤɢɫɥɹɸɬ 10 % HCI ɞɨ
ɫɥɚɛɨ-ɪɨɡɨɜɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ.
ɉɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 5–10 ɦɥ (ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ) 10 %
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ Na
2
HPO
4
. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɸɬ ɞɨ 70–80º (ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ
ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɚ), ɞɚɸɬ ɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɤɚɩɟɥɶɧɢɰɵ 10 %
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ NH
4
OH ɩɪɢ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɚɛɨɝɨ
ɡɚɩɚɯɚ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ. ɉɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɤɚɫɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɧɚ ɢ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ
ɫɬɚɤɚɧɚ.
ɉɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 20–35 ɦɥ 25 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ NH
4
OH, ɫɥɟɝɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɢ
ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 12 ɱɚɫɨɜ. Ⱦɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɬɫɬɚɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɣɧɨ-ɦɚɝɧɢɟɜɚɹ ɫɨɥɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ,
ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɢɞɟɬ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɜ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɦɚɥɨ). Ɉɫɚɞɨɤ MgNH
4
PO
4
×6H
2
O ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɧɟ, ɫɬɟɧɤɚɯ
ɫɬɚɤɚɧɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɛɟɫɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɵɯ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ.
29

Страницы