Английский для бакалавров. Зарубина Л.П - 32 стр.

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32
В последующие годы своей жизни П. Н. Яблочков посвящает свой талант
созданию генераторов электрического тока — динамо-машин и гальванических
элементов.
Text B. ELECTRONICS IN THE INDUSTRIAL AGE
In 1873 James Clerk Maxwell published his famous treatise on electricity and
magnetism. Being a theoretician, he developed four equations which explained all the
experimental results in electricity and magnetism observed up until that time, and his
equations have withstood the test of time and continue to serve as a basis for all elec-
tromagnetic calculations. His equations inspired Hertz to experiment with electro-
magnetic radiation.
In 1895 A. Popov and in 1899 Marconi demonstrated the first wireless commu-
nication systems. Wireless communication got the boost with the invention of the tri-
ode by De Forest in 1906 and the development of practical radio circuits by Arm-
strong.
Engineers having developed radio circuits, research laboratories turned their at-
tention to the transmission of video as well as audio, and practical television systems
were developed in the 1930s. During World War II electronic systems were devel-
oped for radar, sonar, fire control, navigation, communications, computation, and
data processing. Shortly after the war the computer industry was born.
In 1947 Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley invented the transistor. This device
could perform all the functions of a vacuum tube triode with much lower device
power dissipation.
Two more profound inventions occurred shortly thereafter. Kilby and Noyce in-
vented the integrated circuit in 1959. Secondly, the ruby, gas, and semiconductor la-
sers were invented in 1959, 1960 and 1961, respectively. The integrated circuit al-
lowed for a 10
6
or more increase in circuit density, decrease in device cost, decrease
in device power, and increase in circuit reliability.
With the invention of the laser a few communication experts recognized the
bandwidth potential of light wave communication. Transmission of light waves in the
atmosphere proved unreliable, and so attention was focused on light wave transmis-
sion over glass fibers. The development of low-loss optical fibers followed. Today
most long distance calls are transmitted by optical fibers.
======================VOCABULARY===================
treatise, n трактат, научный труд
equation, n уравнение
withstand, v (withstood) противостоять, выдержать
inspire, v вдохновлять
wireless, n радио
wireless, a беспроволочный
get the boost получить поддержку;
получить известность

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